A Review of Operating Reserves in Power Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Electric power systems (EPS) are greatly impacted by renewable energy sources (RES) in modern days due to the environmental advantages that they bring when compared to conventional generation technologies, but it is well known that they also bring challenges to the operation and planning of the EPS due to the inherent uncertainties of weather conditions, low inertia, among others. This negatively impacts the reliability of the EPS and the effects of such uncertainties increase as the level of RES penetration rises. This problem is addressed by operators and planners with the operating reserves, that need to ensure the reliability of the EPS. This work presents a review of the current approaches found in the literature that address the problem of operating reserves in the context of operation and planning.