Witness Protection

This chapter focuses on witness protection. Witness protection has long been a contentious and expensive component of domestic criminal trials, and it is an even more contentious and expensive component of international criminal trials of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In many international criminal cases, the prosecution's case is based exclusively or almost exclusively on witness testimony. Thus, if witnesses are not willing to testify, then the prosecution's case will necessarily fail. Witnesses before international criminal tribunals are sometimes twice victimized, first by the trauma they lived through and second by dangers associated with participating in international trials. Given the tremendous importance of witnesses to international criminal cases and given the ease with which defendants can credibly threaten harm to those witnesses, one might assume that the international criminal tribunals do everything necessary to provide witnesses with whatever level of protection they need in order to assure their safety and thereby enable them to testify. The international criminal tribunals do spend vast sums—in both financial and human resources—to provide top-quality witness protection, but there are countervailing considerations in the form of fairness to defendants that place limits on the efforts they can and should undertake.