14.1 A 510nW 0.41V Low-Memory Low-Computation Keyword-Spotting Chip Using Serial FFT-Based MFCC and Binarized Depthwise Separable Convolutional Neural Network in 28nm CMOS

Ultra-low power is a strong requirement for always-on speech interfaces in wearable and mobile devices, such as Voice Activity Detection (VAD) and Keyword Spotting (KWS) [1]–[5]. A KWS system is used to detect specific wake-up words by speakers and has to be always on. Previous ASICs for KWS lack energy-efficient implementations having power $< 5\mu \mathrm{W}$. For example, deep neural network (DNN)-based KWS [1] has a large on-chip weight memory of 270KB and consumes $288\mu \mathrm{W}$. A binarized convolutional neural network (CNN) used 52KB of SRAM, $141\mu \mathrm{W}$ wakeup power at 2.5MHz, 0.57V [2]. An LSTM-based SoC used 105KB of SRAM and reduced power to $16.11\mu\mathrm{W}$ for KWS with 90.8% accuracy on the Google Speech Command Dataset (GSCD) [3]. Laika reduced power to $5\mu \mathrm{W}$ [4], not including the Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) circuit. High compute and memory requirements have prevented always-on KWS chips from operating in the $\mathrm{sub}-\mu \mathrm{W}$ range.