自由主义与保守主义作为世界政治思潮:历史的视角

O. Andriyenko
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摘要

本文从历史的角度对自由主义、新自由主义、保守主义和新保守主义进行了分析。自由主义被定义为建立在自由和平等、自由公正的选举、与生俱来的公民权利、出版自由、宗教自由、自由贸易和私有财产等思想基础上的社会和政治理论。自由主义也是一种政治哲学和世界观、纲领和实践。保守主义被定义为一种社会和政治运动,以维护和加强现有的社会,经济和政治生活形式,传统的精神价值为导向,否认革命性的变化,对人民的运动和激进的改革表示不信任。强调的是,保守主义是在法国大革命之后,由于对其经验的批判而出现的。它得到了许多思想家的积极发展:E. Burk, J. de Maistre和L. de Bonald, F. de Chateaubriand, F. de lamenais, B. Disraeli和O. von Bismarck, G. Moska, M. Heidegger, D. Bell和S. Lipset。关键词:自由主义,新自由主义,保守主义,新保守主义,历史发展,政治
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
LIBERALISM AND CONSERVATISM AS THE WORLD POLITICAL TRENDS: THE HISTORICAL ASPECT
In the article the historical aspect of liberalism, neo-liberalism, conservatism and neo-conservatism has been analyzed. Liberalism has been defined as the social and political theory founded on ideas of liberty and equality, free and fair elections, inborn civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property. Liberalism is also a kind of political philosophy and worldview, program and practice. Conservatism has been defined as a social and political movement which is oriented on maintenance and reinforcement of existing forms of social, economic and political life, traditional spiritual values and which denies revolutionary changes and express distrust to people’s movement and radical reforms. The accent has been made on the fact that conservatism appeared after the Great French Revolution as a result of criticism of its experience. It was actively developed by many thinkers: E. Burk, J. de Maistre and L. de Bonald, F. de Chateaubriand, F. de Lamennais, B. Disraeli and O. von Bismarck, G. Moska, M. Heidegger, D. Bell and S. Lipset.Key words: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, Conservatism, Neo-Conservatism, Historical development, Politics. 
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