Coming to Everyman

This chapter focuses on how quantification began to increase in the everyday life of ordinary people, who are represented in this chapter by the allegorical figure “Everyman” (from the fifteenth-century anonymous morality play Everyman). It discusses the invention of the chronometer and explores the effect that the increasing availability of luxury items such as sugar, as well as the quantifying ideas that were coming into use at that time, had on the general populace. The chapter then introduces Pierre-Simon Laplace, who assiduously worked to bring the newly formed probability theory to Everyman, especially through his efforts on the orthodrome problem in Traité de mécanique céleste (Celestial Mechanics), his ideas on scientific determinism (symbolized by “Laplace’s demon”), and his General Principles for the Calculus of Probabilities. The chapter also introduces Joseph-Louis Lagrange, whose work on the calculus of variations had a great influence on Laplace.