Reference Architectures and Standards for the Internet of Things and Big Data in Smart Manufacturing

This study aims to identify the main Internet of Things and big data reference architectures (RAs) available for the manufacturing industry. Besides open RAs developed by national and international consortia, proprietary RAs and frameworks are also discussed. The main building blocks of RAs are governed by viewpoints finding their root in systems and software engineering literature and standards. However, in most RAs, only technical viewpoints are addressed, and business architecture and customer context aspects are usually missing. In this paper, RAs are discussed in terms of their functionality and viewpoints addressed. Additionally, the standards developed by international and European institutions to complement RAs in the manufacturing industry are identified and presented. The RAs, standards and underlying models given can be useful for system architects, service providers, and other users as a guideline in the digital transformation of industry.