Profit Polarization and Eco-ethical answers in the Nagoya Protocol Era: Focusing on Empirical Research on Pharmaceutical Companies

This study is about the profit polarization caused by the commercialization of genetic resources in the Nagoya Protocol era. The Nagoya Protocol has defects because it was on the basis of i) distorted anthropocentrism; ii) ambiguous approaches to the ecological imbalance; and iii) no universal standard for the implementation of ecological justice. In addition, the empirical analysis of this study supports that the profit-sharing for bio-genetic resources can even make the profit polarization worse. Also this study suggests the solution for 'fair and equitable sharing of profits' and ecological justice is ‘ecological conversion’, stressed by Pope Francis as follows: i) ecological rationality, ii) ethnic consumption, and iii) ecological community and regionalization.