Project and Process Approaches in Science. Overview of Large Scientific and Technical Projects

The analysis of the management of large scientific and technical projects is carried out. The nuclear and space projects of the USSR, the nuclear project of the USA (Manhattan project), international and Russian megascience projects, federal scientific and technical programs (FNTP) and complex scientific and technical programs and projects (KNTP) are considered. The issues of problem formulation (substantiation of the relevance of the work), allocation of resources for projects, project implementation management are analyzed. From the examples considered, megaprojects include projects that were implemented in the USSR and the USA, some international projects of the mega-science class, and individual KNTP projects. Russian mega science projects, and most of the KNP from the point of view of management should be attributed to the class of large rather than megaprojects. It is shown that federal targeted programs, federal scientific and technical programs are rather not project-based, but process-based (they represent a set of small-scale projects that are not aimed at a common practical result), therefore they should be considered in the appropriate management logic.