Exploring Gender and Ethnoracial Differences and Trends in Methamphetamine Treatment.

Introduction: Given the significant rise in methamphetamine use and related mortality in the United States, it is critical to explore differences in treatment trends with particular attention to women and ethnoracial groups in hard-hit areas like Los Angeles County.

Methods: We analyzed a large sample across 4 waves: 2011 (105 programs, 10 895 clients), 2013 (104 programs, 17 865 clients), 2015 (96 programs, 16 584 clients), and 2017 (82 programs, 15 388 clients). We completed a comparative analysis to identify differences across subgroups and a trend analysis of treatment episodes by gender and ethnoracial group to differentiate users of methamphetamine and users of other drugs.

Results: Treatment clients using methamphetamine increased over time for each gender and race. There were also significant differences across age groups. Women comprised a greater proportion of treatment episodes involving methamphetamine use (43.3%) compared to all other drugs combined (33.6%). Latinas represented 45.5% of methadone-related admissions. Compared with other drug users, methamphetamine users had a lower successful treatment completion rate and were served by programs with less financial and culturally responsive capacity.

Conclusions: Findings highlight a sharp increase in treatment admissions for methamphetamine users of all gender and ethnocultural groups. Women, especially Latinas, saw the most significant increases, with a widening gender gap over time. All subgroups of methamphetamine users had a lower treatment completion rate compared with users of other drugs, and critical differences existed in the programs where they received services.