道金斯是否放弃了他反对群体选择的自私基因论点?

Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI:10.19272/202311402005
Koen B Tanghe
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引用次数: 0

摘要

2007年,David S.Wilson和Edward O.Wilson(27)指出,Richard Dawkins承认,与他在《自私的基因》(1976)(7)一书中所声称的相反,只有基因是选择的基本单位的观点不能被用作反对群体选择概念的论据。这引起了道金斯(30)的尖锐否认,随后威尔逊和威尔逊(33)做出了解释性回复,道金斯(34)再次强烈否认。我分析了这场令人惊讶的复杂和错综复杂的争端的史前史,并随后将其解开。我的结论是,其中大部分是基于一系列误解。首先,Wilson和Wilson(27)对道金斯自私基因论点的原始解释是不正确的。其次,在他们的解释性答复(33)中,他们区分了两种群体选择:群体可以是选择单位的观点(理论群体选择)和群体选择在进化中发挥功能作用的观点(功能群体选择)。他们澄清说,他们的主张涉及理论群体选择,而不是功能群体选择。第三,澄清的说法是正确的,也不正确。这是不正确的,因为道金斯从未明确承认他将自私基因理论发展为反对这种群体选择的隐含论点是错误的。然而,到1978年,他在复制因子(基因)和载体(躯体)这两种选择单位之间做出的区分,确实意味着这样一种承认,因为它认为群体可以是选择单位(载体)。从这个重要意义上讲,Wilson和Wilson澄清的主张(33)是正确的。第四,道金斯的第二次否认(34)涉及功能群体选择,而不是理论群体选择。
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Did dawkins recant his selfish gene argument against group selection?

In 2007, David S. Wilson and Edward O. Wilson (27) pointed out that, Richard Dawkins had admitted that, contrary to what he had claimed in his book The Selfish Gene (1976) (7), the idea that only the gene is a fundamental unit of selection cannot be used as an argument against the notion of group selection. This elicited a sharp denial from Dawkins (30), which was followed by an explanatory reply by Wilson and Wilson (33) and another vehement denial by Dawkins (34). I analyse the prehistory of this surprisingly complex and convoluted dispute and subsequently disentangle it. My conclusion is that much of it is based on a series of misunderstandings. First, Wilson's and Wilson's (27) original interpretation of Dawkins' selfish gene argument was incorrect. Second, in their explanatory reply (33), they distinguished between two kinds of group selection: the idea that groups can be units of selection (theoretical group selection) and the idea that group selection plays a functional role in evolution (functional group selection). They clarified that their claim concerned theoretical group selection, not functional group selection. Third, that clarified claim was correct and not correct. It was incorrect because Dawkins has never explicitly acknowledged that he had erred by developing his selfish gene theory as an implicit argument against this kind of group selection. However, the distinction that he made, by 1978, between two kinds of unit of selection, replicators (genes) and vehicles (somas), does imply such an acknowledgment since it holds that groups can be units of selection (vehicles). In this important sense, Wilson's and Wilson's clarified claim (33) was correct. Fourth, Dawkins' second denial (34) concerned functional group selection, not theoretical group selection.

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