Pain hygiene: A content analysis of student nurses' perspectives.

Pain hygiene (PH) is a new concept that has not been well-defined. A qualitative content analysis was conducted to understand this newly developed concept. Based on the responses from 78 students, the perceptions of the meaning of the term "pain hygiene" and differences between the term "pain hygiene" and "sleep hygiene" through their participation in open-ended surveys was described. Using content analysis, four themes emerged to present students' meaning of the term "pain hygiene": prevention of worsening of pain; cleanliness or hygiene practices to manage pain; self-care to manage pain; and physical and psychological management of pain. Two themes emerged illustrating differences between PH and sleep hygiene: practices that contribute to a better quality of life and condition, and better sleep with no pain. As a newly developing concept, PH can be used to make changes in pain assessment, prevention, and pain management strategies for all people with pain, which can enrich their quality of life and bring change in pain care outcomes.