The Social Process of Caregiving in Fathers: A Grounded Theory Study.

The United Nation's Agenda 2030 recognizes unpaid domestic caregiving in the home as the largest barrier to gender equality. However, little research has been conducted to understanding the social process through which fathers engage in caregiving. The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to explore the social process of caregiving in fathers. Recruited from multiple community settings, 35 fathers participated in intensive interviews with the investigator. The initial interview guide was developed through Swanson's Theory of Caring and modified as themes emerged. Data analysis occurred using an iterative categorization matrix for organization and clarity. This study proposed the action-based Caregiving in Fathers Theory. The 3 main themes of the theory center on the following: (1) reconciling the past through "Reinventing the Kitchen Table"; (2) managing the present through "Creating a Home"; and (3) preparing for the future through "Discovering Empowerment." For fathers, gender equality in society begins with accepting fathers as proficient, competent, and primary caregivers. This theory reveals the motivations of fathers in participating in unpaid domestic caregiving in the home.