Molybdenum and/or cadmium induce NLRP3 inflammasome production by causing mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane dysfunction in sheep hepatocytes

Accumulation of the heavy metals molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) in the liver can induce organelle damage and inflammation, resulting in hepatotoxicity. The effect of Mo and/or Cd on sheep hepatocytes was investigated by determining the relationship between the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) and NLRP3 inflammasome. Sheep hepatocytes were divided into four groups: the control group, Mo group (600 μM Mo), Cd group (4 μM Cd) and Mo + Cd group (600 μM Mo+4 μM Cd). The results showed that Mo and/or Cd exposure increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) in the cell culture supernatant, elevated the levels of intracellular Ca²⁺ and mitochondrial Ca²⁺, downregulated the expression of MAM-related factors (IP3R, GRP75, VDAC1, PERK, ERO1-α, Mfn1, Mfn2, ERP44), shortened the length of the MAM and reduced the formation of the MAM structure, eventually causing MAM dysfunction. Moreover, the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors (NLRP3, Caspase1, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were also dramatically increased after Mo and Cd exposure, triggering NLRP3 inflammasome production. However, an IP3R inhibitor, 2-APB treatment significantly alleviated these changes. Overall, the data indicate that Mo and Cd coexposure leads to structural disruption and dysfunction of MAM, disrupts cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and increases NLRP3 inflammasome production in sheep hepatocytes. However, the inhibition of IP3R alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome production induced by Mo and Cd.