Channels最新文献

{"title":"T-type Ca2+ channels and autoregulation of local blood flow","authors":"L. Jensen, M. Nielsen, M. Salomonsson, C. Sørensen","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1273997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1273997","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels are considered to be the primary source of calcium influx during the myogenic response. However, many vascular beds also express T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Recent studies suggest that these channels may also play a role in autoregulation. At low pressures (40–80 mmHg) T-type channels affect myogenic responses in cerebral and mesenteric vascular beds. T-type channels also seem to be involved in skeletal muscle autoregulation. This review discusses the expression and role of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the autoregulation of several different vascular beds. Lack of specific pharmacological inhibitors has been a huge challenge in the field. Now the research has been strengthened by genetically modified models such as mice lacking expression of T-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels (CaV3.1 and CaV3.2). Hopefully, these new tools will help further elucidate the role of voltage gated T-type Ca2+ channels in autoregulation and vascular function.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"52 1","pages":"183 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76962013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GoSlo family of BK channel activators: A no-go for γ subunits?","authors":"T. Giraldez","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1263136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1263136","url":null,"abstract":"Large conductance Ca2C-activated KC channels (slo, MaxiK or BK channels) play fundamental physiological roles in a large variety of tissues including nerve, muscle and endocrine cells. BK open probability is controlled synergistically by transmembrane voltage and concentration of intracellular Ca2C. This intrinsic property enables them to act as couplers of Ca2C and membrane voltage signaling, providing a negative feedback mechanism controlling Ca2C influx to the cell. Consequently, BK channels are key regulators of neuronal action potential firing, neurotransmitter release or smooth muscle contractile tone. Inherited defects in BK channels function lead to disease including seizure and epilepsy, urinary incontinence or high blood pressure. Many years of research have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular basis of BK channels gating and ion conduction, as well as the regulation of channel function in different cell types and tissues. These advances were paralleled by a growing interest in developing BK channel openers due to their therapeutic potential in disorders characterized by hyperexcitability and smooth muscle dysfunction. The therapeutic interest of several natural and synthetic compounds has been amply described in the literature as the basis of potential treatment strategies for epilepsy, ischemic heart disease, pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction and bladder instability. Among them is a series of anilinoanthraquinone analogs (the GoSlo-SR family), described as potent activators of BK channels in bladder smooth muscle cells, now further characterized by Kshatri et al. Despite the large number of pre-clinical and basic research studies, the clinical relevance of BK channel activators remains unclear. This lack of success relays partly in the poor selectivity of the compounds to target channels at specific tissues in vivo, which may ultimately be due to their ubiquitous expression and functional diversity. The tissue-specific functional diversity of BK channels arises from different mechanisms, including alternative splicing, post-translational modifications or metabolic regulation. Furthermore, association of the pore-forming a subunits with tissue-specific regulatory subunits affects Ca2Cand voltage-sensitivity of the channels, and their pharmacology. Coexpression of one of 4 different b subunits with BKa explains to a large extent the characteristics of the BK currents observed in the specific tissues where b subunits are expressed (e.g. b1 is mainly found in muscle and b4 in brain). Only a few years ago, a novel family of regulatory subunits (g) was reported, with a predicted topology of a single transmembrane domain and a characteristic leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domain. All four members of the g-subunit family induce shifts in BK channel’s voltage dependence of activation to different extents, resulting in large channel open probabilities even at resting potential and physiological intracel","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"3 1","pages":"89 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75314644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stacking up Cav3.2 channels","authors":"M. Iftinca, C. Altier","doi":"10.1080/19336950.2016.1242289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2016.1242289","url":null,"abstract":"T-type or low voltage-activated calcium channels are highly expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system where they fine-tune neuronal excitability, tonic firing and neurotransmitter rele...","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"1994 1","pages":"1 - 2 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89068057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linguistic Self-Awareness and Poetry Preference","authors":"Brice J. Montgomery","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between linguistic self-awareness and poetry preference in college students who don’t regularly read poetry. It addresses whether or not there are consistent phonological and semantic features that influence preference, and it observes whether or not students recognize linguistic factors as part of their preference. It also touches on syntactic play and the degree to which amateur readers understand that professional poets deliberately subvert linguistic tendencies.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"12 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89474255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Theory in Technical Communication","authors":"Kelly J Conley","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Technical communicators tend to overlook or avoid using color in their work. However, color theory is a powerful tool that can greatly affect how information is presented in print or on the web. By using color, technical communicators can help users respond to information in a positive manner and increase reading comprehension, usability, and organization. This paper will provide a framework and examination of the theoretical side of color theory as well as applications for using color in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"90 7 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87728508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The L1 Context Embedding Method in Foreign Language Vocabulary Instruction: A Comparative Study with the Keyword Method","authors":"Jordan Nanda","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The L1 Context Embedding Method that has been proposed and tested by Zi-Gang (2015), consists of inserting target L2 vocabulary, with translations in brackets, into an L1 story text. It has been demonstrated by Zi-Gang (2015) to be more effective than rote memorization. This current study tested the L1 Context Embedding Method against the Keyword Method (Atkinson, 1975) to see if the two methods are comparable. Sixteen university students from an Elementary Spanish class were taught 10 novel Spanish words using each method in a counterbalanced presentation order. They were administered an immediate posttest for each set of 10 words according to each method, then a combined delayed posttest a week later. The test scores showed that the two methods are comparable, since outside factors affected the scores more than the methods themselves. The results also indicated that the L1 Context Embedding Method was slightly more effective in the immediate posttest, but the Keyword Method was moderately more effective in the delayed posttest.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"76 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83858492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridges and Bandits on the Road to the New Jerusalem: A Study of the Correlation Between Immigration and Terrorism","authors":"Amy C. Searl, Stanley G. Schwartz, E. Beck, Unix Diza, Jana Minich","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"In late January of 2017, President Trump signed an executive order banning non-American citizens traveling into the United States from seven different countries. The title of the order was, “Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States.” As implied, the stated purpose was to limit the number of immigrants in order to avoid future attacks. President Trump claims that the executive order is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the United States’ immigrant vetting procedures and thus, protect the nation from terrorist incursion. For the order to serve a purpose, immigration must play a role in terrorism. Thus, the essential point of disagreement is whether a connection exists between the influx of migrants—especially those from terror-prone nations—and the occurrence of terrorist activity in the receiving nation. In this study, we attempt to discover if a link exists between immigration from terrorprone nations and terrorism by examining the current literature and using data to analyze the levels of immigration as well as the incidents of terrorism in six countries. The hypothesis of this research project is that as countries receive increased levels of asylum seekers from terror-prone nations they will experience a corresponding increase in the numbers of terror attacks within the nation. Our basic premise is that immigrant flows form a social bridge, transplanting cultures, ideologies, as well as individuals between the sending and receiving nations. Thus, we are seeking to find out if there is a strong correlation between immigration and terrorism. The null hypothesis, then, is that there is no correlation between immigration from terror-prone nations and the occurrence of terror attacks within a particular nation. Our research shows that, as predicted in our hypothesis, increased terrorism is linked to increased migration from terror-prone nations and regions. The data from Germany and Turkey display a strong positive correlation between asylum-seeker migration and incidents of terrorism. It is worth noting that immigration alone is not enough to predict a rise in terrorist attacks. Rather, immigration is only one of many factors that may lead to increased terrorism. However, it is our contention that immigration from terror-producing regions is a significant predictor of increased terrorist activity.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"55 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73069194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"J.R.R. Tolkien and the Music of Middle Earth","authors":"Emily Sulka","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2017.2.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Often referred to as “the Father of Modern Fantasy,” J.R.R. Tolkien wrote the Lord of the Rings trilogy between 1937 and 1949. Selling millions of copies each year, the Lord of the Rings is one of the bestselling books to date, and between the four books, six movies have been produced in an effort to relay the story of Middle Earth. However, movies do not stand alone as the only other art based off the trilogy. Throughout the novels, Tolkien includes poems that his characters sing, and in 1967, Donald Swann, after collaborating with the author, published a song cycle called The Road Goes Ever On. Based on the songs within the Lord of the Rings trilogy, this song cycle provides what could be considered the “official” music behind the words. The Road Goes Ever On provides a deeper look into the musical culture of Tolkien’s world through connections between the literature and the music as well as connections to “real-world” music, all while recombining the poetry of the novels to narrate the story of a traveler.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"16 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84341972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Successes and Failures of the Battle of Mogadishu and Its Effects on U.S. Foreign Policy","authors":"Philip B Dotson","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2016.1.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2016.1.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The Battle of Mogadishu, more commonly referred to as “Black Hawk Down,” was one of the most controversial conflicts in the second half of the twentieth century. It left a lingering question in people’s minds: was it a success or a failure? While certainly there were many failures and casualties throughout the mission, based on a military definition, it was a clear cut success; Task Force Ranger (TFR) accomplished the objective of the mission, despite significant losses, by retrieving the two targets assigned them. Both the failures and successes of the mission, as well as the overarching Operation Restore Hope in Somalia, however, have impacted U.S. foreign policy and strategies for three presidential administrations. The question is not whether the events throughout the battle impacted foreign policy and strategy. Rather, the question is how significantly they were affected. Arguably one of the largest American special operations missions in recent history, the events of the battle have been thoroughly examined by the United States government and military in order to effect change in both realms. Examples found in places such as Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur point to a refusal by the United States to commit ground troops in an unstable situation, providing air support at a maximum. Following the foreign policy failure within Somalia in the early 1990s, except for the situation in Iraq/ Afghanistan, the United States has refused to act as the global police force it was so well known to be in the 20th century. This paper will attempt to prove that both the successes and failures of Operation Restore Hope and Operation Gothic Serpent directly caused this change in foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"15 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88587073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotions and the Divine Nature: Impassibility in the Greek Apologists and Irenaeus","authors":"J. Little","doi":"10.15385/JCH.2016.1.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15385/JCH.2016.1.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores the concept of impassibility in the early Greek apologists and Irenaeus. The paper focuses on impassibility as related to emotion in the divine nature, and individually examines Justin Martyr, Athenagoras and Irenaeus. This paper attempts to present a nuanced and faithful interpretation of impassibility in these fathers contra the assumption that impassibility equates to static emotionlessness. The author argues that the early Greek fathers used impassibility as an apophatic qualifier tied to God's immutability, virtuousness, and status as creator and further used impassibility to indicate that God was not overwhelmed by passions like the pagan and gnostic deities. This thesis is substantiated by briefly noting the lexical and philosophical backgrounds of the terms for impassibility used by the early Greek fathers and by an individual examination of each of the fathers mentioned above.","PeriodicalId":9750,"journal":{"name":"Channels","volume":"5 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90185436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}