{"title":"Review of Biotechnology and the Human Good","authors":"D. Resnik","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1028","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology and the Human Good by C. Ben Mitchell, Edmund D. Pellegrino, Jean Bethke Elshstain, and Scott B. Rae is a thoughtful, carefully argued perspective on the ethics of new developments in biotechnology, such as human enhancement, human germ-line engineering, cloning, nanotechnology, and cybernetics.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68796531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Death in Traffic: Why Are the Ethical Issues Ignored?","authors":"L. Evans","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1014","url":null,"abstract":"More than a million people are killed on the world's roads annually. Injuries vastly outnumber deaths. The victims are overwhelmingly young and healthy prior to their crashes. This harm flows from many decisions made at many levels, from the individual road user to top government and industry leaders. While the decisions are steeped in a host of ethical questions, the ethical questions are almost universally ignored. This paper raises ethical issues relating to drivers, industry, and government. Increased professional and public focus on the ethical issues surrounding death and injury in traffic has the potential to generate enormous reductions in harm, far larger than those from ongoing safety programs.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68796042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alternative IP Mechanisms in Genomic Research","authors":"C. Power, Edwin Levy, E. Marden, Ben Warren","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1052","url":null,"abstract":"This research is conducted by the Intellectual Property and Policy Research Group at the W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia. It is part of the GE3LS (ethical, environmental, economic, legal and social issues related to genomics research) component of the Genome Canada Project \"Dissecting Gene Expression Networks in Mammalian Organogenesis,\" MORGEN, which is located principally at the British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The project is involved in upstream, basic genomic research. Part of this work includes the characterization of gene regulatory mechanisms governing organogenesis with a special focus on the heart, liver and pancreas. This paper serves as an introduction to both the MORGEN case study and the role of alternative mechanisms, such as open source. We discuss interim research results as they relate to our broader study of the relationship between open science, commercialization and technology transfer offices. The role of technology transfer offices (TTO) is central to our analysis and is viewed as a key factor in implementing Genome Canada policies and principles associated with IP and commercialization.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68797001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Questions of Human Enhancement: An Editorial","authors":"A. M. Cutter, B. Gordijn","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1033","url":null,"abstract":"Introducing a special issue of a journal is a difficult, but pleasurable task for any editor. One must chose what to say about the themes of the issue, and how to introduce the papers presented. However, this task becomes still more complex when the special issue in question forms the inaugural issue of a new journal. This is the case here as we find ourselves introducing \"Questions in Human Enhancement\" as the inaugural issue of Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology. As such, this editorial serves two purposes: first we must introduce the journal itself, exploring our motivations for creating a new, quasi-open access, interdisciplinary publishing forum; and second we must introduce a stunning collection of comments, articles and discussion papers that have been written by a range of eminent scholars from across the globe.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68796729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Go East? Multinational Companies in the Czech Life Sciences","authors":"S. Filippov, I. Costa","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1048","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a qualitative analysis of the developments in the life sciences industry in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Czech Republic in particular. It begins by exploring the current state and the prospects of the life sciences industry in the region. Subsequently, it analyses the strategies of global multinational companies who are perceived to be the main driving force in the sector. In doing so, we follow the new stream in the international business literature and focus on the subsidiaries, rather than parent companies. Moreover, we specifically look at the subsidiaries possessing research capabilities. The transition dynamics and the membership in the European Union are helpful for this analysis. Finally the paper provides policy recommendations, arguing that more attention should be given to already established subsidiaries rather than pure attraction of new flows of foreign direct investment.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68797223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Life Sciences Innovation in Central and Eastern Europe: Conceptual Frameworks and Contributions","authors":"Farah Huzair, P. Robbins","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1053","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines analytical frameworks for studying life sciences innovation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), based on national systems of innovation and the triple helix. The reflexive and evolutionary models of triple helix 1-3 help us in evaluating life sciences innovation in the shift from pre- to post-transition, and are useful in providing a systemic approach that emphasises social institutions over the role of the firm. While pre-transition CEE embodied a linear innovation model rooted in state ownership, after the transition we see the importance of the state as a network organiser, and the productive inputs of multinational corporations. Life sciences innovation in CEE is challenged by path dependency and institutional lock-in established through years of state control, from which it can be difficult to break out. Articles in this special issue highlight the benefits and constraints of new forms of private investment. While there is evidence for cautious optimism in the CEE pharmaceutical industry, quango-run state genome projects have been less successful. Findings on knowledge cultures in Hungarian agbiotech innovation communities help to flesh out the triple helix model. This issue also provides foresight in examining challenges of the central European pharmaceutical industry and open intellectual property regimes being trialed in Canada, which may have relevance for the region as post-transition innovation systems deepen.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68797042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generous Funding for Interventive Aging Research Now?","authors":"M. Häyry","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1017","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines Aubrey de Grey's case for allocating substantial funding to interventive biogerontological research immediately. The conclusion is that the case is inconclusive and that scientific analyses of costs and probabilities would be needed to defend it properly.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68796133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Angelic Hierarchy: Aligning Ethical Push and Pull","authors":"Mark Walker","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1026","url":null,"abstract":"A complementary `monetary' system is proposed: a computer-based system that allows us to assess the relative pro-community altruism of individuals. Such an arrangement could provide us with an alternate means of seeking social recognition than that offered by capitalism; specifically it offers the possibility of recognition based on altruistic contributions to society. This proposal promises several ethical advantages to our present social arrangements.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68796845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of The Regulation of Cyberspace by Andrew Murray","authors":"P. De Hert, E. Mantovani","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1013","url":null,"abstract":"After canvassing with good grace the make-up of cyberspace Andrew Murray wonders, in his recent book The Regulation of Cyberspace, which role traditional lawmakers are left to play in the new cyber-regulatory environment. Murray describes the static `command and control' regulatory model as disruptive and ineffective, and supports instead a dynamic, complimentary, and symbiotic regulatory model, which he presents under the features of an autopoietic environment and systems dynamics theory.Regulatory models, explains Andrew Murray in his recent book The Regulation of Cyberspace, intervene when a `disruptive innovation', such as the Internet, creates a regulatory vacuum. As cyberpaternalists suggest, however, the lack of traditional legal-regulatory control systems does not mean total freedom within cyberspace (p.203). On the contrary, as the author contends, `regulators of all forms rush to fill in this vacuum' so that the traditional regulatory mechanism is replaced by private regulatory systems acting, as Joel Reidenberg exposed, as `proxies' to the traditional regulatory system (i.e. courts and law enforcement authorities). Murray shares this point, but also gives credit to the views of cyberlibertarians. Cyberlibertarians argue that traditional command and control models are at last ineffective, even when they operate through proxies. In cyberspace, so they claim, regulators and regulatees mingle with each other to such an unheard-of extent that regulatory interventions cannot be effective unless regulatees co-operate actively.In his book, professor Andrew Murray treasures the sound arguments advanced by the cyberlibertarian and cyberpaternalist camps, and draws lessons from both in order to build a dialectic confrontation between static instrument and dynamic instrument thinking in the regulation of cyberspace. He consecrates the pars destruens of his work to explain why lawmakers should eschew the static approach and adheres to the pars construens to expand on a more dynamic and `smarter' regulatory model.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68795641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Legal and Ethical Changes in the NHS Landscape Accompanying the Policy Shift from Paper-Based Health Records to Electronic Health Records","authors":"A. Gillies","doi":"10.2202/1941-6008.1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1010","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of IT into health and associated forms of care has changed the nature of risks associated with the use of information. Continuing development is increasing the rate of change. This paper will consider the relationship between policy, ethics and the law within this changing landscape using a risk management approach.The paper considers a 20 year time period from 1990 to 2010 and first maps out the landscape in terms of key shifts in policy. The article seeks to explore how the policy shifts have changed the legal and ethical implications of handling information, by addressing three specific questions:1. Do the policy changes following the 1997 General Election amount to a Kuhnian paradigm shift or simply an evolution?2. How have the legal and ethical implications of handling information been modified by changes in technology, policy and the law?3. How can the concept of opportunity risk help us understand the ethical implications of increased use of IT in health care?The article will conclude by identifying the legal and ethical challenges yet to come as the landscape continues to evolve.","PeriodicalId":88318,"journal":{"name":"Studies in ethics, law, and technology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2202/1941-6008.1010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68795514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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