Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I最新文献_第3页

Covariate balance in a Bayesian propensity score analysis of beta blocker therapy in heart failure patients. 心力衰竭患者受体阻滞剂治疗的贝叶斯倾向评分分析中的协变量平衡。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2009-09-10 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-6-5

Lawrence C McCandless, Paul Gustafson, Peter C Austin, Adrian R Levy

引用次数: 16

Update: Greenland and Robins (1986). Identifiability, exchangeability and epidemiological confounding. 更新:格陵兰和罗宾斯(1986)。可识别性、互换性和流行病学混淆。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2009-09-04 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-6-3

George Maldonado

引用次数: 6

Identifiability, exchangeability and confounding revisited. 可识别性，互换性和混淆性重新审视。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2009-09-04 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-6-4

Sander Greenland, James M Robins

引用次数: 135

The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's "aspects of association". 因果标准在因果推断中的作用：Bradford-Hill的“关联方面”。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2009-06-17 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-6-2

Andrew C Ward

{"title":"The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's \"aspects of association\".","authors":"Andrew C Ward","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-6-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1742-5573-6-2","url":null,"abstract":"As noted by Wesley Salmon and many others, causal concepts are ubiquitous in every branch of theoretical science, in the practical disciplines and in everyday life. In the theoretical and practical sciences especially, people often base claims about causal relations on applications of statistical methods to data. However, the source and type of data place important constraints on the choice of statistical methods as well as on the warrant attributed to the causal claims based on the use of such methods. For example, much of the data used by people interested in making causal claims come from non-experimental, observational studies in which random allocations to treatment and control groups are not present. Thus, one of the most important problems in the social and health sciences concerns making justified causal inferences using non-experimental, observational data. In this paper, I examine one method of justifying such inferences that is especially widespread in epidemiology and the health sciences generally - the use of causal criteria. I argue that while the use of causal criteria is not appropriate for either deductive or inductive inferences, they do have an important role to play in inferences to the best explanation. As such, causal criteria, exemplified by what Bradford Hill referred to as \"aspects of [statistical] associations\", have an indispensible part to play in the goal of making justified causal claims.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"6 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28250041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trend tests for the evaluation of exposure-response relationships in epidemiological exposure studies. 流行病学暴露研究中评估暴露-反应关系的趋势测试。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2009-03-06 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-6-1

Ludwig A Hothorn, Michael Vaeth, Torsten Hothorn

{"title":"Trend tests for the evaluation of exposure-response relationships in epidemiological exposure studies.","authors":"Ludwig A Hothorn, Michael Vaeth, Torsten Hothorn","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-6-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1742-5573-6-1","url":null,"abstract":"One possibility for the statistical evaluation of trends in epidemiological exposure studies is the use of a trend test for data organized in a 2 x k contingency table. Commonly, the exposure data are naturally grouped or continuous exposure data are appropriately categorized. The trend test should be sensitive to any shape of the exposure-response relationship. Commonly, a global trend test only determines whether there is a trend or not. Once a trend is seen it is important to identify the likely shape of the exposure-response relationship. This paper introduces a best contrast approach and an alternative approach based on order-restricted information criteria for the model selection of a particular exposure-response relationship. For the simple change point alternative H1 : pi1 = ...= piq <piq+1 = ... = pik an appropriate approach for the identification of a global trend as well as for the most likely shape of that exposure-response relationship is characterized by simulation and demonstrated for real data examples. Power and simultaneous confidence intervals can be estimated as well. If the conditions are fulfilled to transform the exposure-response data into a 2 x k table, a simple approach for identification of a global trend and its elementary shape is available for epidemiologists.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"6 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1742-5573-6-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28025678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Using the National Health Interview Survey to understand and address the impact of tobacco in the United States: past perspectives and future considerations. 利用全国健康访谈调查了解和应对烟草对美国的影响：过去的观点和未来的考虑。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2008-12-04 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-8

Cathy L Backinger, Deirdre Lawrence, Judith Swan, Deborah M Winn, Nancy Breen, Anne Hartman, Rachel Grana, David Tran, Samantha Farrell

{"title":"Using the National Health Interview Survey to understand and address the impact of tobacco in the United States: past perspectives and future considerations.","authors":"Cathy L Backinger, Deirdre Lawrence, Judith Swan, Deborah M Winn, Nancy Breen, Anne Hartman, Rachel Grana, David Tran, Samantha Farrell","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-8","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a continuous, nationwide, household interview survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. This annual survey is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since 1965, the survey and its supplements have provided data on issues related to the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products. This paper describes the survey, provides an overview of peer-reviewed and government-issued research that uses tobacco-related data from the NHIS, and suggests additional areas for exploration and directions for future research.Data sources: We performed literature searches using the PubMed database, selecting articles from 1966 to 2008. Study selection. Inclusion criteria were relevancy to tobacco research and primary use of NHIS data; 117 articles met these criteria. Data extraction and synthesis. Tobacco-related data from the NHIS have been used to analyze smoking prevalence and trends; attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs; initiation; cessation and advice to quit; health care practices; health consequences; secondhand smoke exposure; and use of smokeless tobacco. To date, use of these data has had broad application; however, great potential still exists for additional use.Conclusion: NHIS data provide information that can be useful to both practitioners and researchers. It is important to explore new and creative ways to best use these data and to address the full range of salient tobacco-related topics. Doing so will better inform future tobacco control research and programs.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"5 ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27878521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Methods for stratification of person-time and events - a prerequisite for Poisson regression and SIR estimation. 人时和事件分层方法--泊松回归和 SIR 估计的先决条件。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2008-11-14 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-7

Klaus Rostgaard

{"title":"Methods for stratification of person-time and events - a prerequisite for Poisson regression and SIR estimation.","authors":"Klaus Rostgaard","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-7","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many epidemiological methods for analysing follow-up studies require the calculation of rates based on accumulating person-time and events, stratified by various factors. Managing this stratification and accumulation is often the most difficult aspect of this type of analysis.Tutorial: We provide a tutorial on accumulating person-time and events, stratified by various factors i.e. creating event-time tables. We show how to efficiently generate event-time tables for many different outcomes simultaneously. We also provide a new vocabulary to characterise and differentiate time-varying factors. The tutorial is focused on using a SAS macro to perform most of the common tasks in the creation of event-time tables. All the most common types of time-varying covariates can be generated and categorised by the macro. It can also provide output suitable for other types of survival analysis (e.g. Cox regression). The aim of our methodology is to support the creation of bug-free, readable, efficient, capable and easily modified programs for making event-time tables. We briefly compare analyses based on event-time tables with Cox regression and nested case-control studies for the analysis of follow-up data.Conclusion: Anyone working with time-varying covariates, particularly from large detailed person-time data sets, would gain from having these methods in their programming toolkit.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"5 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2615420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27843557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Case-case analysis of enteric diseases with routine surveillance data: Potential use and example results 肠道疾病与常规监测数据的个案分析:潜在用途和实例结果

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2008-10-31 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-6

N. Wilson, M. Baker, R. Edwards, G. Simmons

引用次数: 34

Partitioning the population attributable fraction for a sequential chain of effects. 划分连续效应链的总体归因分数。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2008-10-02 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-5

Craig A Mason, Shihfen Tu

{"title":"Partitioning the population attributable fraction for a sequential chain of effects.","authors":"Craig A Mason, Shihfen Tu","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-5-5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While the population attributable fraction (PAF) provides potentially valuable information regarding the community-level effect of risk factors, significant limitations exist with current strategies for estimating a PAF in multiple risk factor models. These strategies can result in paradoxical or ambiguous measures of effect, or require unrealistic assumptions regarding variables in the model. A method is proposed in which an overall or total PAF across multiple risk factors is partitioned into components based upon a sequential ordering of effects. This method is applied to several hypothetical data sets in order to demonstrate its application and interpretation in diverse analytic situations.Results: The proposed method is demonstrated to provide clear and interpretable measures of effect, even when risk factors are related/correlated and/or when risk factors interact. Furthermore, this strategy not only addresses, but also quantifies issues raised by other researchers who have noted the potential impact of population-shifts on population-level effects in multiple risk factor models.Conclusion: Combined with simple, unadjusted PAF estimates and an aggregate PAF based on all risk factors under consideration, the sequentially partitioned PAF provides valuable additional information regarding the process through which population rates of a disorder may be impacted. In addition, the approach can also be used to statistically control for confounding by other variables, while avoiding the potential pitfalls of attempting to separately differentiate direct and indirect effects.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"5 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1742-5573-5-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27709043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Flexible Two-Phase studies for rare exposures: Feasibility, planning and efficiency issues of a new variant. 罕见暴露的灵活两阶段研究:新变体的可行性、计划和效率问题。

Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-5-4

Pascal Wild, Nadine Andrieu, Alisa M Goldstein, Walter Schill

{"title":"Flexible Two-Phase studies for rare exposures: Feasibility, planning and efficiency issues of a new variant.","authors":"Pascal Wild, Nadine Andrieu, Alisa M Goldstein, Walter Schill","doi":"10.1186/1742-5573-5-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-5-4","url":null,"abstract":"The two-phase design consists of an initial (Phase One) study with known disease status and inexpensive covariate information. Within this initial study one selects a subsample on which to collect detailed covariate data. Two-phase studies have been shown to be efficient compared to standard case-control designs. However, potential problems arise if one cannot assure minimum sample sizes in the rarest categories or if recontact of subjects is difficult. In the case of a rare exposure with an inexpensive proxy, the authors propose the flexible two-phase design for which there is a single time of contact, at which a decision about full covariate ascertainment is made based on the proxy. Subjects are screened until the desired numbers of cases and controls have been selected for full data collection. Strategies for optimizing the cost/efficiency of this design and corresponding software are presented. The design is applied to two examples from occupational and genetic epidemiology. By ensuring minimum numbers for the rarest disease-covariate combination(s), we obtain considerable efficiency gains over standard two-phase studies with an improved practical feasibility. The flexible two-phase design may be the design of choice in the case of well targeted studies of the effect of rare exposures with an inexpensive proxy.","PeriodicalId":87082,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologic perspectives & innovations : EP+I","volume":"5 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1742-5573-5-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27706637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2