Applied occupational and environmental hygiene最新文献

{"title":"A Field Evaluation of Mandelic Acid in Urine as a Compliance Monitor for Styrene Exposure","authors":"J. Bowman, J. Held","doi":"10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389687","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Special Studies Unit of Cal/OSHA monitored mandelic acid in urine and styrene exposure in a survey of 324 workers in the fiberglass-reinforced plastics industry. The urine was sampled at the end of the shift, and the mandelic acid was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. A stepwise regression analysis shows that the mandelic acid (MA) concentration is affected by the styrene concentration, the urine's specific gravity, effective respirator usage, work rate, and sampling on Friday; it is unaffected by skin exposure to styrene or exposure to other solvents. The regression model supports the Biological Exposure Index (BEI) of 1 g/L if the MA concentration is standardized for specific gravity. In a comparison of styrene and MA compliance decision, 7 percent of the subjects were false positives, i.e., violating the BEI while in compliance with the styrene threshold limit value. Since one of the false positives was using an organic vapor respirator, the MA monitoring did demonstrate ...","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"15 1","pages":"526-535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82521350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Boundary Layer Separation on Local Exhaust Design and Worker Exposure","authors":"Dennis K. George, M. Flynn, R. Goodman","doi":"10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389684","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The phenomenon of boundary layer separation is an important factor in determining a worker's breathing zone concentration. This article presents the results of flow visualization and tracer gas studies, conducted in a wind tunnel with a mannequin, designed to examine this phenomenon. A simple conceptual model, based on mass transport by vortex shedding, provides a reasonable estimate of the mannequin's breathing zone concentration. An empirical model is developed which relates the measured concentration to the distance from the source to the breathing zone for the situation when the contaminant is released downstream in a uniform flow. Applications of the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"1 1","pages":"501-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82860972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-Lead Particle Sizes in Battery Manufacturing: Potential Effects on the OSHA Compliance Model","authors":"D. G. Hodgkins, Hinkamp Dl, T. Robins, S. Levine, Schork Ma, Krebs Wh","doi":"10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389686","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for lead, as designated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Lead Standard (29 CFR 1910,]1025), was established based on a model relating blood-lead and air-lead levels. Since particle size was considered an important aspect of the relationship and adequate empirical data were not available, a theoretical particle size “distribution” for lead-acid battery manufacturing plants was developed. This distribution was used in the model to select a PEL which was applied to all affected lead industries. The purpose of this study was to determine the actual size distributions of lead aerosols present in selected battery manufacturing operations and to compare these distributions to that assumed in the model. A total of 40 air samples, collected with eight-stage personal cascade impactors, were taken on workers at each of five operations at two different battery plants. Particle distributions in the sampled battery operations were similar. Mass ...","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"21 1","pages":"518-525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83910038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Assessment for Carcinogens: A Comparison of Approaches of the ACGIH and the EPA","authors":"M. Alavanja, Charles C. Brown, R. Spirtas, Manuel R. Gómez","doi":"10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1990.10389685","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The relative carcinogenic potency of 16 chemicals evaluated by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Values (CS-TLV) Committee of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) were compared. The estimated cancer risk resulting from occupational exposure to the threshold limit values (TLVs) were also computed using dose-response curves developed as a part of EPA quantitative risk assessments. Substantial agreement between the EPA and the CS-TLV Committee was found when the relative potency of these carcinogens was compared. Use of EPA's risk model to estimate lifetime cancer risk from occupational exposure at the TLV levels often resulted in high cancer risk estimates. The approaches used to assess cancer risk by both groups is described and a suggestion is made for incorporating existing quantitative risk assessments into the TLV evaluation procedure.","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"190 1","pages":"510-517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86959143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial Ventilation News Digest","authors":"D. J. Burton","doi":"10.1080/1047322X.1991.10387820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1991.10387820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91166604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzene exposure measurement in shoe and glue manufacturing: a study to validate biomarkers.","authors":"Qingshan Qu,&nbsp;Beverly S Cohen,&nbsp;Roy Shore,&nbsp;Lung Chi Chen,&nbsp;Guilan Li,&nbsp;Ximei Jin,&nbsp;Assieh A Melikian,&nbsp;Songnian Yin,&nbsp;Huifang Yan,&nbsp;Bohong Xu,&nbsp;Yuying Li,&nbsp;Ruidong Mu,&nbsp;Xiaoling Zhang,&nbsp;Keqi Li","doi":"10.1080/714044188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/714044188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reports an extensive program to monitor individual personal exposures of subjects recruited for a study conducted in a Chinese occupational population to determine whether selected biological markers of exposure to benzene are reliable and sensitive enough to detect low-level benzene exposure in people. The monitoring program reported here was to assure an appropriate range of exposure for subject selection as well as to provide data for the exposure response assessment. The overall study resulted in correlation of the measured exposures with the measured concentrations of two minor urinary benzene metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. The study design and evaluation of biological end points are presented in separate publications. Recruitment of 130 exposed subjects was based on personal exposure measurements collected with passive organic vapor monitors at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 weeks prior to collection of biological samples. Two monitors, side by side, were used for all of the personal monitoring in the first year of the study and about 10 percent of subsequent monitoring. One of each pair was analyzed immediately in Beijing at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, and the other was shipped to the United States and analyzed at the New York University Institute of Environmental Medicine. Exposure concentrations measured over 4-5 weeks were reasonably stable with average coefficients of variation of 0.58, 0.59, and 0.46 for benzene, toluene, and xylene, respectively. Benzene exposure averaged 10 +/- 13 ppm benzene with a median of 3.8 ppm for the recruited exposed workers. Excellent correlation was obtained between samples analyzed for benzene at the two laboratories. The extensive effort to document exposures was important to the exposure-response relationship demonstrated in the full study, which concluded that S-phenylmercapturic acid appears to be a good biomarker for detecting and evaluating benzene exposure at concentrations less than 0.25 ppm.</p>","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"18 12","pages":"988-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/714044188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24071424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploratory study of whole-body vibration exposure and dose while operating heavy equipment in the construction industry.","authors":"Adam P Cann,&nbsp;Alan W Salmoni,&nbsp;Peter Vi,&nbsp;Tammy R Eger","doi":"10.1080/715717338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/715717338","url":null,"abstract":"Whole-body vibration measurements were recorded for various types of heavy equipment used within the construction industry. The purpose of these measurements was to provide more information about the potential levels of whole-body vibration experienced by equipment operators in the construction industry, as well as to identify types of equipment warranting further research. In total, 67 pieces of equipment were tested from 14 different equipment types. Testing took place at various construction sites including corporate, public, and residential work projects. Measurements were made (following the 1997 International Standards Organization's 2631-1 whole-body vibration standards) for 20-minute testing periods using a Larson Davis HVM100 vibration monitor and a triaxial accelerometer. The mobile equipment tested was associated with greater levels of whole-body vibration than the stationary equipment. When whole-body vibration levels were compared to the International Standards Organization's 2631-1 standards, wheel loaders, off-road dump trucks, scrapers, skid steer vehicles, backhoes, bulldozers, crawler loaders, and concrete trowel vehicles exceeded the recommendations based on measured vibration dose values. Further research incorporating larger sample sizes and controlled testing conditions is required to better understand the levels of exposure experienced by operators as well as the amount to which seating, terrain, mobility, and vehicle structure might affect whole-body vibration.","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"18 12","pages":"999-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/715717338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24071326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of chemical exposures in hairdressing salons.","authors":"France Labrèche,&nbsp;Jocelyne Forest,&nbsp;Mylène Trottier,&nbsp;Michèle Lalonde,&nbsp;Robert Simard","doi":"10.1080/10473220390244667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220390244667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Workers in hairdressing salons are exposed to several hundred chemicals, of which a few are possibly detrimental to pregnant workers or their fetuses. In Quebec, a government program provides protective reassignment for exposed pregnant workers. This study was set up to assist public health physicians by describing the exposure levels for ingredients that were measurable (i.e., airborne), selected from a list of possibly detrimental hairdressing ingredients. Twenty-six salons were sampled in Montreal, Canada, between June 1996 and December 1997. At the time of sampling, information on certain work conditions (e.g., chemical services offered, number of clients, average CO(2) level during the day) was also noted. Fifty percent of the salons provided additional services other than hairdressing, such as manicures, pedicures, or beauty treatments. Almost half of the salons were quite small, with less than 5 employees. Average temperature ranged between 17 and 26 degrees C, relative humidity between 18 and 59 percent and average CO(2) concentrations from 583 to 4301 mg/m(3). Duration of samples varied between 15 minutes and 8 hours. The most prevalent chemicals were alcohols: ethanol, at an average personal concentration of 39.9 mg/m(3), and isopropanol at an average personal concentration of 3.1 mg/m(3). Acetone, toluene, and acetates, all related to manicure services, were also measured in small quantities. An empirical mathematical model brought in evidence that CO(2) levels explained 46 percent of variation in the concentration of ethanol; when number of permanent waves done during the day and relative humidity and temperature were added, the resulting model explained 68 percent of the variations in ethanol. Thus, although the measured concentrations of chemicals were fairly low in this study, it appears possible that on very busy days, especially if other chemical services are performed in the salon, the total mixture of airborne chemicals could reach significant concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"18 12","pages":"1014-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473220390244667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24071328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological adaptation of quartz exposure modeling in Swedish aluminum foundries: nested case-control study on lung cancer.","authors":"Håkan B Westberg,&nbsp;Tom Bellander","doi":"10.1080/10473220390244676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220390244676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a recent cohort study in aluminum foundries and remelting plants an unexpectedly high risk of lung cancer was found in workers in sand foundries. On the basis of present and historical measurement data, we developed a statistical model for exposure to total dust and crystalline quartz for different jobs and time periods. Cumulative dose estimates of total dust and crystalline quartz were calculated and used in a nested case-control study in the cohort. From the cohort of foundry workers (n = 5016), 46 cases of lung cancer were identified. The final analysis was performed on 31 cases and 233 controls with one year or more of employment. Historical measurement data from the 1960s and onward were collected, totaling 203 total dust and 103 crystalline quartz exposure observations. Regression models, using the determinants of job title, time period, type of foundry, and size of production, were developed for assessing historical total dust and crystalline quartz air concentrations. These estimates were used to calculate individual cumulative exposure in the case-control study. In the multiple linear regression analysis, the determinants explained much of the variations in dust level (r(2) = 0.58). The explained variation in crystalline quartz was much lower (r(2) = 0.13). The regression coefficients for the type of foundry, time period, and size of production were statistically significant for total dust. On the basis of the regression analysis, the final models were used to calculate individual cumulative exposures. The calculated cumulative dust and quartz exposures averaged 33 mg/m(3) * year and 0.42 mg/m(3) * year, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) were not significant, but showed dose-response trends for both dust and crystalline quartz.</p>","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"18 12","pages":"1006-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10473220390244676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24071327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to inhalable flour dust in Canadian flour mills.","authors":"Eva A Karpinski","doi":"10.1080/714044192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/714044192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1999, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH(R)) proposed a Threshold Limit Value (TLV(R)) of 0.5 mg/m(3) for flour dust with a sensitization notation. The Labour Program of the Department of Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), following notice of the intention to set a TLV, conducted a study of the levels of exposure to flour dust in flour mills across Canada to verify existing conditions, as well as to decide whether to adopt the proposed TLV or reference some other value. As part of the study, a relationship between flour dust concentrations obtained by using Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) samplers and closed-face 37-mm cassettes was examined and the literature on the health effects of exposure to flour dust was reviewed. A total of 104 millers, packers, sweepers, bakery mix operators, and others (mixed tasks) from 14 flour mills were sampled over an 8-hour work shift using IOM samplers. The results indicate that 101 employees (97.1%) were exposed to levels exceeding 0.5 mg/m(3), 66 employees (67.3%) to levels exceeding 5 mg/m(3), and 44 employees (42.3%) to levels exceeding 10 mg/m(3). For comparison purposes, flour dust measurements were also taken in a highly automated flour mill using state-of-the-art technology. The results suggest that even with the most up-to-date technology and proper cleaning operations in place, the flour milling industry may not be able to reduce the flour dust levels to below the TLV of 0.5 mg/m(3). According to the measurements of inhalable and total dust concentrations, the IOM sampler appears to be a more efficient collector of inhalable airborne particles up to 100 microm than the closed-face 37-mm cassette.</p>","PeriodicalId":8182,"journal":{"name":"Applied occupational and environmental hygiene","volume":"18 12","pages":"1022-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/714044192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24071329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}