Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"Biological psychiatry and ethics.","authors":"V Lunn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The crucial concept of biological psychiatry - comprising psycho-chemistry, psycho-physiology and psycho-pharmacology and based on a positivistic scientific view - is explanation through the demonstration of causal material connections. Conversely the central concept of the psycho-dynamic schools, based on a hermeneutic-finalistic ideology, is understanding, pertinent to the meaning of psychical symptoms. The two models are not mutually exclusive but represent complementary concepts whose mutual scientific value can only be measured through their mutual utility as basis for etiological research and for the choice of treatment. Since the age of Enlightment in the 18th century the concept of reason in the shape of an unambigous scientific attitude extensively has rendered the ethics redundant. However, our time is characterized by a reaction against this rationalistic concept about science as a substitute for morality. First of all biological psychiatry, based on the methods of the natural sciences, has been the subject of denunciation and underevaluation with deep emotional undertones. The anti-psychiatric movement, the \"critical psychiatry\", talks about the psychotic patient as the scapegoat, carrying the burden of the relatives conflicts on his shoulders - thus reintroducing the concept of guilt in the debate. The author claims that the relief for this guilt feeling will be found in the paradigme who regards the endogenous psychoses as biologically determined diseases and not simply as reactions to psychological and social strain. The moral-philosophical counterpart to the antagonism: positivism versus hermeneutics is found in the dualism: determinism versus indeterminism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"345 ","pages":"11-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14356655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological measures. Their theoretical and diagnostic value in psychiatry. Proceedings of a symposium. September 1986.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"341 ","pages":"1-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14297035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Berzelius Symposium XI. Transcultural psychiatry. Stockholm, Sweden, April 8-10, 1987. Proceedings.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"344 ","pages":"1-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14356739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opiate addicts and their perceived parental rearing.","authors":"J I Anasagasti,&nbsp;M Denia","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A comparison is made between a group of young opiate addicts and a control group on their parents' rearing attitudes. A number of significant differences between the two groups emerged e.g. concerning affection, guilt engendering, favouring self esteem, estimation of school performance, strictness indicating a defective family atmosphere. The presence of a high percentage of alcoholism in fathers of the toxicomanics supports these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"344 ","pages":"121-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14356741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boys who became offenders. A follow-up study of 2203 boys tested with projective methods.","authors":"N Lie","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Future offenders have more ratings than controls on variables indicating psychopathology. The characteristics which most consistently and significantly discriminate between preoffenders and controls, and which also turned out to be the best predictors of future criminality, are those which previously have been observed in subjects with serious mental disorders. The results indicate that the high degree of psychopathology in subsequent offenders is associated with distortion of body image and with poor reality orientation, i.e. that the most prominent characteristics of future offenders are related to a weakness of the ego. Future offenders seem to have a sufficiently developed ego to handle common tasks. However, their ego fails when they are confronted with unfamiliar and frustrating situations. The inability of subsequent offenders to complete a task properly, with failure on difficult and provocative tasks, shows that they have not developed adequate defence mechanisms and that they have a low tolerance for frustration. They are emotionally immature, instable and impulsive. In short, they are dominated by id impulses. There is no indication of gender confusion (homosexuality) in subsequent offenders. However, there are marked differences between the drawings by cases and by controls regarding characteristics related to sexuality. These findings are interpreted as an exaggeration of masculinity and an abnormal preoccupation with sexuality combined with anxiety for the opposite sex. It is possible that severe criminality, contrary to milder forms of lawbreaking, is associated with elevated self-esteem and extroversion. There are indications that ultimate offenders experience human beings (others or themselves) as deviant, monstrous and inhuman, features which indicate that distorted self-concept and distorted self-perception are characteristics of preoffenders. The findings regarding aggression are inconsistent, just as they were in prior projects. The Draw-A-Person Test (DAP) and Colour Slide Test (CST) findings indicate that preoffenders are more aggressive and destructive than controls, whereas the Hand Test (HT) shows neither more aggression nor more acting-out tendencies in future offenders than in controls. The literature offers conflicting findings regarding depression. The CST results indicate that depression is more common in preoffenders than in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"342 ","pages":"1-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14176782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delirium tremens and related clinical states: psychopathology, cerebral pathophysiology and psychochemistry: a two-component hypothesis concerning etiology and pathogenesis.","authors":"R Hemmingsen,&nbsp;P Kramp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinically, patients with Delirium Tremens (DT) and acute alcohol hallucinosis (impending DT) appear excited with vivid false perception. Cerebral blood flow and eeg correspondingly point to hyperexcitability in the CNS during these conditions. Clinical trials with barbital treatment in alcohol withdrawal shows that the amount of drug and the drug plasma concentration is the same no matter whether the physical signs of withdrawal are accompanied by hallucinations and clouding of consciousness. The psychotic signs in DT and acute alcoholic hallucinosis develops after many years of alcoholism as does seizures. We hypothesize that physical withdrawal is determined by the degree of physical dependence developed during the most recent drinking period whereas the psychotic signs and seizures are due to a cumulated CNS hyperactivity developed over many years of repeated alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Changes of electrolyte concentrations in plasma or CSF do not play an important role in the pathogenesis of DT and related clinical states except that changes in calcium and inorganic phosphate metabolism indirectly point to changes in membrane excitability. A new model for a study of rapidly repeated intoxication and withdrawal episodes in rats has shown that repetition of episodes augments the convulsive component of withdrawal whereas the non-convulsive signs are dependent on the most recent episode only. The augmentation of the convulsive component correlates with regional differences in brain glucose consumption. Furthermore, synaptic proteins and acidic phospholipids may be involved in the development of CNS hyperexcitability during alcohol withdrawal. In conclusion both clinical and experimental studies indicate that severe alcohol withdrawal reactions may consist of two components: 1) Physical withdrawal signs determined by recent physical dependence. 2) A long term cumulated CNS hyperexcitability relating to seizures and psychotic signs during withdrawal. This state is elicited by alcohol withdrawal but it represents a cumulated and permanent or long lasting CNS dysfunction in alcoholics. The precise biochemical/pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of the two-component dysfunction still remain to be clarified in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"345 ","pages":"94-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14199417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychochemistry in psychiatry. Papers presented in memory of Ole J. Rafaelsen.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"345 ","pages":"1-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14199586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in adjustment among university-educated men and women.","authors":"R Holmström,&nbsp;R L Koivisto,&nbsp;P Niemi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study forms a part of a thirteen-year longitudinal study of mental health and examines how university-educated men and women have adapted to an average environment. In basic cross-tabulations, 63 out of the total 356 psychological and sociological characteristics proved to be differently distributed for men and women. On the other hand, there were no quantitative differences in global mental health-illness indicators between the sexes. Fifteen central personality characteristics indicating good adaptation were kept constant. Different scales for men and women were needed for adjustment measures such as: \"social position\", \"level of university degree\", \"ego strength\", \"control of anger\", \"general ability\", \"norm-dependence\". On the contrary, \"satisfaction with occupation\", \"self-actualization in love\", \"having children\", \"quality of social background\" were distributed identically. Consequently, keeping these indicators constant did not decrease sex-differences. Hartmann's concept of adaptation to average environment proved to be rather difficult to apply in practice. Differences in how men and women adapted in Finnish society were examined in detail. The general adjustment was rather successful but there were signs indicating that the women's adaptation was less successful.</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"343 ","pages":"1-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14356740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Panic disorder. Proceedings of a symposium. Gothenburg, Sweden, September 18-19, 1986.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"335 ","pages":"1-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14603134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevention of suicide while in psychiatric care.","authors":"J Beskow","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in the number of recorded suicides among inpatients in psychiatric care in Sweden can, to a great extent, be attributed to more suicides in the population as a whole, and to an increase and changes in the psychiatric population as well as to improved recording methods. The number of suicides in connection with psychiatric care is, however, higher than usually assumed. If \"definite\" suicides and \"controversial cases\" are included, as well as those which occur within a week of discharge, then this figure is 2.5 times the registered number of definite suicides. The importance of various background factors is discussed. Suicidal behaviour can be considered both from a longitudinal as well as from a cross sectional perspective. The insight in the fact that there is a similarity between the suicidal act and accidents leads to important consequences for the prevention of suicide. The present work concludes by suggesting an overall philosophy and recommendations as to preventive work within the field of psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":75416,"journal":{"name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"336 ","pages":"66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14605248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}