International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Changing Harm Reduction Approaches Is Not a Choice; It Is Necessary to Survive","authors":"Shahram Naderi, Nader Charkhgard, Peyman Rad, Sara Jafari, Saman Niknejad","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-139609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-139609","url":null,"abstract":": Service providers have tried to reduce harm reduction and objectively improve health and infectious indicators caused by the consumption of illegal drugs for years. However, some disappointment has happened to these people. On the other hand, policymakers and society still need to remember the efforts of harm reduction service providers or have more and higher expectations in this regard. This article looks at the services and achievements of harm reduction from the past to the present. Also, it discusses the new harm reduction methods that align with today's needs of the global community. Today, a new mission is needed for harm reduction and other goals, such as mediation and human rights issues related to disease and addiction. The undeniable success of harm reduction in curbing and controlling many infectious aspects has caused policymakers and harm reduction service providers to become weak and need clarification. It has plunged harm reduction into a halo of uncertainty. There is a need to give new life to this dynamic thinking by redefining harm reduction.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79238157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Defense Mechanisms and Substance Use Disorder","authors":"Maedeh Kamrani, Zohre Rouhbakhsh, Ghazal Behravan, Razie Salehabadi","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-137086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-137086","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global phenomenon that can negatively impact various aspects of an affected individual’s life. A thorough knowledge of the etiology of this disorder and its contributing factors can help us manage and prevent it more effectively. Objectives: In this research, we aimed to investigate the possible association between substance use disorder, attachment styles, and defense mechanisms. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 120 participants divided into two groups; a group of 60 subjects diagnosed with substance use disorder and 60 participants without substance use disorder. The participants were evaluated using the Revised Collins, the Read Adult Attachment Scale, the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and a checklist consisting of questions regarding age, sex, marital status, job, income, level of education, and history of psychiatric illnesses. Data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS v. 26 software. Results: Neurotic defense mechanisms were significantly higher in the SUD group than in non-SUD participants (P-value = 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding mature and immature defense mechanisms (P-value > 0.05). Anxious and avoidant attachment styles were significantly more common in the SUD patients compared to the control group (P-value = 0.001 and 0.0001, respectively). Secure attachment style was significantly more common in the non-SUD group (P-value = 0.002). Marital status was associated with attachment style (P-value < 0.05). The probability of having an anxious attachment style for unmarried people was 4.5 times higher than for married people. Other variables had no significant relationship with any attachment style types. Conclusions: These findings suggest a higher prevalence of neurotic defense mechanisms and avoidant and anxious attachment styles in people suffering from substance use disorder. These findings, if proven, can help plan more effective psychological treatments for SUD patients and preventive measures to reduce the prevalence and burden of this disorder.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134951884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mediating Role of Parenting Styles in the Relationship between Family Adaptability and Cohesion and Cyberbullying in Adolescents","authors":"Ensiyeh Najjari, Ahmad Ashouri, Komeil Zahedi, Banafshe Gharree","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-131177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-131177","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Excessive use of cell phones in adolescents is associated with injuries and behavioral deviations. Cyberbullying is one of these behavioral deviations which involves deliberate and repeated aggression. Family and parenting factors are considered to have an essential role in cyberbullying. Among these factors, the cohesion and flexibility of the family have garnered considerable attention. Objectives: The present study examined the relationship between family adaptability, cohesion, and cyberbullying and the mediating role of parenting styles in this relationship. Methods: Cross-sectional design and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used in this study. The statistical population included students using mobile phones in Tehran. A sample of 220 students was selected via convenience sampling. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, Cyber-Bullying/Victimization Experiences Scale, and the Parental Authority Scale were used to collect data. Statistical data analysis was done using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation path analysis in SPSS 26 and AMOS 26. Results: The results showed that There was a significant correlation between family cohesion and cyberbullying (r =- 0.246) (P < 0.01), family adaptability and cyberbullying (r = -0.167) (P < 0.01), family adaptability and cohesion and parenting styles (r = 0.433) (P < 0.01), authoritarian, indulgent, authoritative parenting style and cyberbullying (r = 0.246) (r = 0.139) (r = -0.104) (P < 0.01). These direct and indirect effects were created through the mediation of parenting styles. Conclusions: Generally, the results showed that family adaptability and cohesion significantly negatively correlate with cyberbullying. The model showed family adaptability and cohesion, and cyberbullying did not have a direct relationship. However, perceived parenting styles can play a mediating role in this relationship.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84145942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-risk Behaviors in Sex-Reassigned Trans-sexual People in Tehran, Iran","authors":"Parisa Khodakhah, M. Jamshidimanesh","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-134390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-134390","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Abundant high-risk behaviors in trans-sexual people make it necessary to investigate. Objectives: This study aimed to describe and determine high-risk sexual behaviors. Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional. Ninety-six sex-reassigned transsexual individuals of both genders presenting to Salamat Bonyan Psychology Clinic were enrolled in the study. The sampling method was through the census. Eligible individuals were recruited using convenience sampling. The scales included a demographic characteristic form and a researcher-made questionnaire to evaluate high-risk behaviors and sexual health of sex-reassigned transsexual subjects. Descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution and also mean and standard deviation (SD), were used to describe. The SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis. Results: According to the results, 96 individuals completed hormone therapy, of whom 43 underwent sex-reassignment surgery. Also, 73 persons were female-to-male, and 23 persons were male-to-female. (62.5% CI: (0.52 - 0.72)) of the participants did not receive hepatitis B, and (95.83% CI: (0.92 - 0.99)) human papillomavirus vaccination. (87.09% CI: (0.68 - 0.85)) of the participants did not take an human infection virus (HIV) test and (97.9% CI: (0.95 - 0.99)) a Pap test. (99% CI: (0.89 - 0.99)) of the participants were never screened for prostate cancer, and (91.66% CI: (0.86 - 0.97)) for breast cancer. Oral sex was the most common sexual act way (93.75%), and (72.91% CI: (0.68 - 0.77)) never used condoms. (30% CI: (0.20 - 0.39)) of the participants smoked hookah and cigarettes and used alcohol. Conclusions: Considering high-risk behaviors and sexually risky behaviors in this group, it is necessary to carry out preventive interventions.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76722167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Etiology of High-risk Behaviors Among Male and Female Students in Qom","authors":"Khosro Rashid","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-122198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-122198","url":null,"abstract":"Background: High-risk behaviors are among the most frequent behaviors in adolescents compared with other age ranges. Objectives: The epidemiology and etiology of high-risk behaviors among high school girls and boys in Qom was the aim of this study. Methods: This survey research was carried out using Rashid Questionnaire (2015). The questionnaire was given to 1000 middle and high school students in 8 schools (4 boys’ and 4 girls' schools) in the south and north (two from each area) of Qom in 2015. Results: Feeling deeply sad and hopeless 43.7%, experience of Hookah smoking 43.2%, feeling hurt outdoors 26.5%, the experience of cigarette smoking 26.4%, Physical fight out of home 22%, having sex with one’s own free will 20.7%, having suicidal thoughts 19.9%, planning for suicide 17.7%, experience of alcohol consumption 16.8%, forced sex 14.5%, and attempted suicide in the last 12 months 12.8% were the most common high-risk behaviors among adolescents, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean of high-risk behaviors in boys was higher than in girls. Moreover, among the 15 psychosocial factors studied, four factors of peer pressure, poor religious beliefs, feelings of emptiness, and antisociality had the highest potential to predict their high-risk behavior Conclusions: Total range of some high-risk behaviors among the sample in Qom is at a dangerous rate and needs more attention.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82830550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Survey of Prevalence and Content of Hallucinations and Delusions in Methamphetamine Dependents","authors":"A. Nazari, S. K. Hojjat, Asieh Jafakesh Moghadam, Mina Norozi Khalili, H. Akbari, M. Khorrami, Javad Sherafati, M. Akbarzadeh, Zahra Barati Farimani, F. Kaviyani","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-134015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-134015","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Methamphetamine use can lead to hallucinations and delusions, which can severely disrupt perception, thinking, emotion, and behavior and even cause self-harm and harm to others. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the content of these experiences. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and content of hallucinations and delusions in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. Patients and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 198 methamphetamine users recruited from compulsory residences using convenience sampling. The participants were interviewed individually using a structured checklist based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Data were analyzed using SPSS software using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and the chi-square test. Results: Auditory hallucinations (41.4%) and visual hallucinations (26.8%) were the most participants' common types of hallucinations. Persecution delusion (31.3%), grandeur delusion (17.7%), and reference delusion (16.7%) were the most common types of delusions reported. There were significant differences between the methamphetamine psychosis and non-psychosis groups regarding the rate, duration, and age of onset of methamphetamine use, as well as the prevalence of psychiatric diseases, suicide attempts, non-suicidal self-injury, and history of intoxication. Conclusions: The early detection of psychosis symptoms in methamphetamine users through follow-up reviews can prevent the occurrence of more destructive individual and social complications caused by these experiences. It is essential to consider all types of hallucinations and delusions to implement timely preventive actions for individuals with methamphetamine dependence.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73914960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Emotional Disorders Based on Neuroticism with Emotion Regulation, Experiential Avoidance, and Repetitive Negative Thinking","authors":"Jafar Sarani Yaztappeh, Seyedeh Elnaz Mousavi, Homa Shahkaram, A. Kianimoghadam, M. Bakhtiari, Fardad Didar, A. Emami, M. Rajabi, Abbas Masjedi Arani","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-134761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-134761","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emotional disorders are common and recurring mental conditions that can severely impact individuals and have long-term economic consequences for society. Objectives: This study aimed to predict emotional disorders in patients diagnosed with emotional disorders, using neuroticism, emotion regulation, experiential avoidance (EA), and repetitive negative thinking as predictors. Patients and Methods: The study included a sample of 414 patients diagnosed with emotional disorders residing in Tehran. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Negative Repetitive Thoughts Questionnaire, Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), and NEO Personality Questionnaire (NEO FFI). Structural equation modeling, analyzed with SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software, was employed for data analysis. Results: Neuroticism significantly predicted negative emotional regulation, EA, emotional disorders, and repetitive negative thoughts (P < 0.001). The coefficient of determination for emotional disorders was calculated as 0.73, indicating that 73% of the variance in emotional disorders can be explained by the predictor variables (neuroticism, emotional regulation, negative repetitive thoughts, and EA). Conclusions: Therefore, it is essential to consider the influence of personality and psychological factors on the inclination toward disorders. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the development of culturally sensitive, contextually relevant, and psychosocially oriented prevention and treatment programs for emotional disorders using an integrated approach.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75054669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impulsivity and Aggression in Patients with Opioid Dependence in Comparison with Healthy Controls","authors":"S. Sarkar, R. Mathur, M. A. Pandit, R. Jain, Y. Balhara","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-136551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-136551","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86202500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated Intentional Swallowing of Foreign Objects by an Adolescent Girl (Case Report)","authors":"P. Divsalar, Soudabehsadat Hosseini Mousa, Mehdi Hayatbakhsh Abbasi","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-134720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-134720","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Intentional swallowing of foreign objects is a relatively rare psychopathological behavior. Adolescents and young adults may carry out this act to hurt themselves or even suicide. Often, most reports related to deliberate swallowing are typically either surgical or gastrointestinal and rarely are found in psychiatric articles; more often, the swallowed foreign objects (80 - 90%) are disposed of spontaneously, and 10 - 20% of them require endoscopy for more study and less than 1% of them need surgery to be removed or its complications. Case Presentation: The presented patient is a 17-year-old girl admitted to the psychosomatic ward of Afzalipour hospital due to intentional poisoning. During the year before her admission, on three separate occasions, she detached the knife blade from its haft and swallowed it. She underwent laparotomy twice, one time for sigmoid tearing and damage to the left Ovary, to remove the knife and regeneration of the left ovary and sigmoid, and another time to remove the knife in order not to cause damage to her intestines. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the world in which an ovary has been damaged. Further investigation into her background shows some extent of privation due to her family's long-term economic problems and instability; moreover, sexual and physical abuse was also confirmed. The patient was prescribed clozapine, which decreased her suicidal behavior and attempts noticeably. Conclusions: Swallowing foreign bodies in this patient is interpreted as both self-punishment and punishing others (those who thought they were hurt or may be blamed for their despair or rejection). Intentional swallowing of foreign objects behavior is more resistant than other self-harming activities and may have a worse prognosis. Swallowing foreign objects requires a sophisticated process that, if not correctly managed, may result in serious complications; therefore, appropriate psychiatric counseling and supportive treatment are necessary for these patients. Specific to this patient eliminating the effects of suicide and reaching medical stability with a short admission was necessary. Her suicidal behavior and attempts decreased significantly after starting clozapine treatment. Therefore, clozapine treatment is recommended for patients with suicidal behavior and self-harm.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72833007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation in Medial Prefrontal Cortex on Morphine Dependency and Electrical Recording of the Nucleus Accumbens","authors":"Mohsen Abedini Esfahlani, Saiedeh Arabmoazzen, F. Badini, M. Mirshekar, Reza Arezoomandan","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba-131285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba-131285","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Addiction is known as a gradual process leading to the uncontrolled abuse of a substance. The main problem facing the practitioners is the high rate of return among abusers after stopping substance consumption. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is considered as one of the methods for treating stimulant substance abuse, in which an electrical current is passed, typically at frequencies above 100 Hz, through electrodes implanted surgically in the subcortical brain nuclei. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of high-frequency DBS (HF-DBS) applied to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on the electrical response of the accumbens nucleus as well as on the motor activity and dependency in morphine-addicted male rats. Methods: Experimental rats (n = 40) were assigned to five groups (n = 8), including saline, sham, morphine, saline+DBS, and morphine+DBS groups. The rats received DBS with a frequency of 130 Hz, amplitude of 0.2 to 0.5 mA, and repeated periods of 15 minutes with an interval of 45 minutes for 3 hours during the conditioning period in the conditioned place preference (CPP) box. Then, they were treated with saline or morphine and were subjected to stereotaxic surgery for insertion of the stimulator electrode in mPFC and the recorder electrode in AC. The electrical response of AC neurons to DBS was determined adopting the single unit recording method. Then, motor activities of different groups were assessed in order to evaluate the effects of DBS on animal movement activities. Finally, data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.1. Results: The injection of morphine enhanced the CPP score and reduced the average of spikes in the cortical neurons of the AC compared to those obtained in the sham group. These parameters were significantly decreased and increased in the animals receiving morphine+DBS compared to the morphine group, respectively. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between morphine+DBS group and morphine group in terms of the total traveled distance. Conclusions: The stimulation of the AC nucleus at high frequency reduced the addiction preference as well as enhanced the locomotor activity and primary neuron activity in the cortex of AC nucleus.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77777854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}