Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024最新文献

{"title":"Deriving the Unknown Sublayer's Pressure in Producing Gas Wells Using the Selective Inflow Performance Workflow","authors":"S. Rehman, W. H. Mirza, I. B. Espinoza, U. Farooq","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23216-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23216-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The accurate measurement of sub-zone pressures is crucial for monitoring the performance of reservoirs in gas fields. However, this can be challenging due to the commingled flow of multiple reservoirs and sub-zones within a single well. In this study, we evaluated the use of Production Logging (PLT) and Selective Inflow Performance (SIP) workflows for computing sub-layer pressure in carbonate reservoirs in Pakistan.\u0000 The study was conducted on carbonate reservoirs located in Pakistan. The usual wells are vertical and have numerous perforations, resulting in combined production across multiple reservoirs and sub-zones. To determine the pressure of a specific sublayer, Production Logging (PLT) was carried out to collect data at various choke sizes. The data was then analyzed through Selective Inflow Performance (SIP) workflow. The Rawlins and Schell-Hardt equation was used to plot the relationship between flow rate and pressure, enabling analysts to match the trendline with the acquired data points.\u0000 The proposed analysis revealed that at least three different chokes should be tested during PLT logging to ensure accurate results. In addition, for accurate analysis it is preferred that a single-phase fluid is flowing at high flow rates, to be able to detect contrasts between inflows from different zones. In Case-1 SIP workflows were applied on two independent reservoirs with multiple sub-zone entries and found that Reservoir-1 had a current pressure of around 1480psi, whereas Reservoir-2, which was more depleted, contributing more than 80% to production had a current pressure of around 1050psi. Shutting down the wells showed an estimated crossflow of 0.43 MMSCF/D from one reservoir to another. The results demonstrated a good relationship between PLT estimated flow rates and pressures across all producing sub-zones. In Case-2, it was observed that the highest contributing layer on every choke size became a thief zone in shut-in conditions. Such kind of a reservoir that contain mulitple isolated stringers that are commingled together in the well make it challenging for reservoir management.\u0000 The successful application of SIP workflow allows to perform pressure time-lapse monitoring and adjust the dynamic model accordingly for future reservoir development. This study highlights the importance of periodically measuring sub-zone pressures for effective reservoir performance monitoring in gas fields.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140528180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How IEC 61499 can be a Key Player Toward a New Sustainable Automatic Control Ecosystem?","authors":"M. A. Almaz, S. Almadi, N. Ghizawi, Z. Al Yahaya, S. Ismaeel, Fahad A Amer","doi":"10.2523/iptc-24607-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24607-ms","url":null,"abstract":"In today's fast-paced world of advancements and global industrialization, there is a growing demand for automation systems that are efficient, adaptable and environmentally conscious. These automation control systems play a role in manufacturing, energy, utilities and smart cities. It has become increasingly essential to incorporate sustainability principles into these systems to address the challenges posed by resource depletion, environmental degradation and the urgent need for resource utilization (Zoitl & Strasser, 2016).\u0000 Sustainability is no longer an aspiration but a critical requirement in industrial practices as industries strive to reduce their carbon footprint and minimize waste generation. Improving operational efficiency by integrating sustainable practices into automation systems becomes vital to achieving these objectives (Hirsh, Vyatkin, & Hanish, 2006).\u0000 The transition from traditional automation systems to the next generation is characterized by moving from rigid and inflexible architectures and components towards more adaptive, modular and distributed frameworks. This shift aligns perfectly with sustainability principles by promoting a relationship between progress and environmental responsibility. The upcoming generation of automation systems, based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61499 standard, shows promise in achieving a more sustainable future.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"98 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Power-Law Model for the Material Balance of Gas Reservoirs Experiencing Water Influx","authors":"N. Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, T. A. Blasingame","doi":"10.2523/iptc-24407-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24407-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A simple power-law model is presented for performance of gas reservoirs experiencing water influx using only cumulative production, reservoir pressure, and the gas deviation factor (i.e., the z-factor). The application of the model provides estimation of gas-in-place. The gas material balance relation including ONLY water influx is given in dimensionless form as: pzD=(1−GpD)(1−WeD)  where: pzD=p/zpi/zi WeD=weBWGBgi GpD=GpG\u0000 The following empirical model is proposed for dimensionless water influx function (WeD): WeD=aGpb+1\u0000 Substituting this model into the gas material balance yields: pzD=(1−GpD)(1−aGpb+1)\u0000 The proposed power-law water influx model was exhaustively validated using the Carter-Tracy and Van Everdingen-Hurst methods to simulate water influx and pressure-cumulative gas production behavior for an unsteady-state water-influx system. The results of these simulation cases were fitted using the proposed (empirical) power-law water influx model and for every case that was tested, the proposed model gave an essentially perfect correlation of the simulated reservoir performance behavior.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"116 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of CO2 Chemical Reactions on Rock Pore Surface Morphology – A Laboratory Study","authors":"G. Singer, S. M. Ma, Songhua Chen","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23997-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23997-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 CO2 capture and subsurface sequestration (CCS) is a viable solution to reduce the greenhouse gas effect on global warming. It is known that CO2 in water chemically reacts with rocks during the process of CCS (injection, migration, plume, and long-term storage). The objective of this study is to better understand the dynamics of this interaction, and to develop measurements capable of monitoring changes of rock properties during CCS.\u0000 As changes in rock properties originate from chemical reactions between pore-surface minerals and CO2, characterizing changes in pore-surface texture and geometry is essential for predicting subsequent changes of other rock properties relevant for CCS. As such, the methods used in this laboratory study include laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) for measuring pore-surface roughness, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption isotherms for measuring the specific surface area, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation for measuring pore-size, pore-connectivity, and surface-relaxivity (a function of wettability and fluid-surface interactions).\u0000 In this study, five brine-saturated carbonate rocks (including three outcrops and two reservoir rocks) were exposed to supercritical CO2 (scCO2) under various ageing conditions. Specifically, we exposed the carbonate rocks to scCO2 under increasing pressure, temperature, and salinity, and measured LSCM, BET, and NMR after each of the total five ageing steps. By comparing with the initial non-ageing measurements, data indicate that the scCO2 exposure increases both surface-relaxivity and surface-roughness, particularly for the reservoir rocks. At the final step of ageing, the scCO2 exposure increases both pore-size and pore-connectivity for the reservoir rocks and some outcrops.\u0000 Our findings may have direct impacts on planning and executing CCS projects, especially in carbonates. Changes in pore surface roughness and wettability can directly affect CO2 injection because it affects the reactive surface of the pores. Once significant surface erosion occurs, other macroscopic properties may change as well, as observed from the increase in pore connectivity in certain cases. Dissolution and precipitation change the pore-size and connectivity, thereby capillary pressure and permeability, which may also affect caprock's integrity. Our study shows that quantifying the changes caused by CO2 chemical reactions with rock minerals is crucial for CCS projects, including site selection and storage capacity assessment. Further, this study shows that NMR could be a valuable downhole tool to capture and monitor these changes, such as assessing changes of rock properties due to CO2-rock chemical reactions and contributing in validating dynamic chemical reaction models and help to adjust for prediction models.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140528052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-Risking Shutoff Opportunities in Complex Dynamic Multiphase Environment with Advanced Pulsed Neutron Measurements: From Petrophysics to Production Logging Applications","authors":"C. Cavalleri, R. M. A. Rahman, C. K. Khong, H. Ng","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23205-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23205-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Accurate characterization of current hydrocarbon volumes and distribution is essential for production optimization. The use of advanced logging technology de-risked decision making related to zonal isolation and justification for a sidetrack in a complex scenario in a long horizontal producing drain completed with uncemented pre-perforated liner from a sandstone reservoir.\u0000 In a shallow water offshore well, a combination of advanced pulsed neutron (PNL) and multispinner and holdup sensors in production logging tools (PLT) were recorded for borehole diagnostics and evaluation of fluids behavior for water contribution and zonal distribution of fluids production along a horizontal section. The integrated evaluation of neutron porosity, sigma, fast-neutron-cross-section, elemental concentrations, carbon/oxygen ratios, and total organic carbon (TOC) from PNL quantified the hydrocarbon volumes. Moreover, PNL provided critical input to multiphase production profile otherwise compromised due to unforeseen downhole challenges. PNL three-phase holdup measurements were able to detect hydrocarbon and water in the borehole for fluid stratification. This was complemented by the different phases detected using the electrical and optical probes of the multispinner array PLT tool. Simultaneously, stationary water flow logs (WFL) assisted by novel continuous oxygen activation curves measured upward water movement otherwise overlooked.\u0000 The presence of unstable slug flow during flowing condition and fluid redistribution during shut-in required the use of new fit-for-purpose processing and interpretation techniques. A tailored approach was developed for oil holdup input to carbon/oxygen analysis and TOC correction. This was validated by novel application of inelastic gas ratio. The continuous change in fluid contact level in the borehole was used to strengthen the analysis of fluid behavior.\u0000 The comparison between fluid contact levels detected at different times highlighted the time required for the well to stabilize, adding to the global understanding of fluid behavior around the wellbore. Moreover, the PNL WFL survey, assisted by prompt interpretation of continuous oxygen activation at different spacings, effectively measured slow fluid redistribution velocity during shut-in. Despite the complication related to solids clogging the bottommost spinner, the PLT was able to detect the velocity profile inside the slotted liner; the water velocity below the liner was measured using WFL. The log responses and data analysis assisted the decision-making process. Based on the interpretation results and contextualization, integrated with understanding of the reservoir, it was decided to sidetrack the existing well to an up-dip location to maximize the oil recovery, rather than investing in water shutoff operations.\u0000 High-quality data acquisition coupled with novel evaluation approaches enabled solving hydrocarbon profile and zonal contribution in an environment with varia","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"179 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Fluid Composition Determination from Near Infrared Spectra Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression","authors":"W. Weinzierl, A. Cartellieri, P. Schapotschnikow","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23264-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23264-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The conventional approach to fluid characterization using partial least squares (PLS) is considered a benchmark in chemometric fluid analysis. Complementary, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been shown to provide comparable discrimination capabilities. In a comparative study, the performance for quantitative characterization of downhole fluids using near-infrared (NIR) spectra has been evaluated. Both methods are used to predict the fluid composition in fractions of water, gas, oil, and mud. PLS is a statistical technique designed to model the relationship between two sets of variables, in this case between the spectrum and the composition. It relies on the representation of the variables in a multidimensional latent space. Usually, the inference consists of three steps. First, the input (spectrum) is linearly projected into the latent space. Second, the output is calculated in the latent space. Finally, the composition is computed as a linear transformation of the latent output. Instead of using PLS for end-to-end inference, only its first step has been used for feature extraction. By using the first latent dimension for each component, features were obtained that can be conveniently associated with water, gas and oil respectively. These features are then used together with the constant baseline in a multinomial logistic regression to obtain fractional components of the present fluid types in the NIR spectra. The baseline is primarily needed for mud detection. In parallel, several CNN models were trained for fluid characterization based on NIR spectra on processed and raw data. Hyper-parameter optimization of the CNN's is performed using a tree structured Parzen estimator to obtain a best trial configuration. Scheduling of the optimization loop yielded improved inference results. Quantitative comparison of the PLS and CNN models was performed using a k-fold approach. This allows for a direct comparison of the methods performance given as input spectra of pure and mixed fluids. Both methods show high accuracy when predicting pure components. The root mean square error (RMSE) is consistently larger for PLS. The CNN models generally show larger variance in the prediction for mud, with minor fractions of water, gas and oil being inferred. A quantitative comparison of two methods in chemometric fluid analysis shows an overall improvement of predictive power for a set of deep CNN in respect to the PLS approach. Improved inference is achieved using raw NIR spectral data. This is particularly interesting as no further pre-processing of the spectra is required, thereby minimizing porting efforts in the development of embedded applications.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"61 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Approach for Carbon Capture & Sequestration Pilot Study in the Western Desert of Egypt","authors":"M. Eleoni, J. Dredge, Y. De Boer, K. Mansour, A. Ismail, R. ElSayed, I. Merghany, C. Ellamey, A. Agam, A. Taqey, R. Gomes, S. Stojic, A. Nasiri, F. Bouchet, G. Nasreldin","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23324-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23324-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Egypt, as the host for the previous UN COP27 in 2022, has committed to emissions reductions in support of limiting global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) offers the potential to significantly reduce point source CO2 emissions in the country. Accordingly, the Egyptian operator BAPETCO, along with partners Cheiron and Capricorn, is exploring the potential for carbon capture and storage to sequester more than 350,000 metric tons of CO2 per annum.at two fields in Egypt’s Western Desert. Storage candidates comprise 20 stacked geological formations starting from Apolonia till Lower Safa, The objective of this paper is to present the novel methodology implemented to screen technically feasible and economically advantageous subsurface storage sites.\u0000 The applied approach is divided into three phases.1. The first phase is site screening, ranking, and selection to identify the best possible sites for CO2 storage. Through detailed geological characterization and modeling of all potential reservoirs within the two fields, specific sites are selected and ranked based on a scientific scorecard that is developed based on extensive experimental simulations worldwide.2. The sites with the highest rank pass to phase 2, the feasibility study. In this phase, selected reservoirs are reviewed in detail to quantify the reservoir capacity, optimize injection scenarios, confirm the required well count, and propose injection points. The study will forecast the evolution of the CO2 plume over time, by modeling the injected supercritical CO2 plume movement within the formations while honoring advanced trapping mechanisms such as CO2 trapping due to residual trapping, dissolution in saline water, and mineralization. Then, dynamic reservoir simulation models are fully coupled to 3D geomechanics models to study the impact of the injection on the well integrity, cap rock integrity as well as fault reactivation and integrity.3. Once the subsurface sites successfully pass the feasibility study, risk assessment, and mitigation, phase 3 is implemented to propose reasonable and economical surface facility configuration and pipelining scenarios that fit the subsurface sites’ requirements in terms of the number of wells and distance between them, depth of injection, required wellhead pressure, and proximity from CO2 source of emission.\u0000 the followed scientific approach resulted in concluding four feasible sites in the two fields to be deployed for a long-term and safe sequestration of more than 350,000 metric tons of CO2 per annum.\u0000 In this case study, we present the details of this integrated approach to account for the complex surface and subsurface nature of the western desert of Egypt during other CCS studies in similar environments.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"223 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140528450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced 3D Dynamic Model for Forensic Investigation of Reservoir Connectivity in Heterogeneous Systems","authors":"O. H. Al-Obathani, N. M. A. Rahman","doi":"10.2523/iptc-24451-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24451-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Quantifying the magnitude of pressure communication and characterizing reservoir properties among the wells are the key objectives of pressure interference tests. In this study, we will shed light on how to plan for a multi-well pressure interference test in a tight, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir with dynamic model. Then, we will explain the capabilities of the dynamic model to characterize reservoir properties especially between the wells where the uncertainty is high due to a lack of inter-well measured data.\u0000 This study describes a multi-well, interference test design and analysis procedure for a tight carbonate reservoir for the purpose of developing an injector-producer pattern strategy. This subject test has been performed utilizing three wells. An active producer located in-between two shut-in injectors. These shut-in injectors have been equipped with high-resolution gauges to detect the pulses created by the active well. For accurate interference test results, we have constructed 3D dynamic model based on a high-resolution geological model. This model has been utilized as a platform to characterize the reservoir properties by matching the model output with test data.\u0000 With this approach, we have successfully quantified the magnitude of hydraulic communication between the producer and each of the two injectors. Moreover, reasonable match results of the dynamic model with the pressure interference data has been achieved. With this quality match, a good understanding of heterogeneous reservoir properties between the producer and each of the injectors has been attained. In fact, the magnitudes of pressure communication between the producer and each of the injectors in addition to the reservoir transmissivity and storativity become the foundation of any future production-injection strategy as part of the development plan. Moreover, the interference test results can be incorporated into the full simulation model to enhance the quality of the model.\u0000 This study demonstrates the value of utilizing 3D dynamic models for a multi-well interference test design and analysis. With this approach, the outcomes of the interference test, such as, magnitude of hydraulic communication, transmissivity, and storativity between the wells, impact the future development plan. Hence, reservoir engineers will have the upper hand in optimizing the production strategies as well as future developments.","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"71 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140528200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study on a Real-Time High-Resolution Formation Evaluation with Deep Transient Testing on Thinly Bedded Reservoirs in Exploration Well: A Net Zero Carbon Emission Well Test Testing Operation","authors":"T. Nordin, M. A. Abu Talib, L. W. Ong, C. C. Ling, E. Motaei, M. Z. Abdullah","doi":"10.2523/iptc-24442-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24442-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thinly bedded reservoirs are increasingly a target of offshore exploration in Malaysia water. Due to the poor physical properties of these reservoirs, simulated production rates were sub-economic, therefore rendering them economically unviable to justify for a Drill Stem Test. This paper describes methods of real-time and high-resolution formation evaluation with formation testing used to characterize such reservoirs. The well testing operation was carried out with innovative non flaring technology (Deep Transient Testing) with wireline latest generation formation tester.\u0000 The case study presented demonstrates that the constraints and uncertainty of the conventional measurements can be overcome by multidisciplinary integration by:\u0000 Deep Transient Testing provides an environmentally friendly dynamic reservoir characterization operation for thinly laminated sand with zero flaring, reduce emission and energy consumption. Comprehensive integration Tri-axial array induction, high-definition neutron-density-NMR and resistivity borehole image identified the potential hydrocarbon bearing zones in thinly laminated reservoirs. Advanced nuclear magnetic resonance provided key measurements by continuous scanning of the formation properties to correctly identify the reservoir fluid types and estimate fluid saturation and contact. Optical spectroscopy coupled with fluorescence and reflectance measurement with the new generation downhole fluid analyzer identified the full characterization of the formation fluid, both composition and phase behavior. Determination the characteristic of the potential zones using micro-imager tool and allow to estimate textural heterogeneities and define thickness of reservoir zones and borehole geometry.\u0000 Basic conventional log measurements with low resolution and conventional DST testing to determine the presence of movable hydrocarbons, qualitative producibility and in situ reserves estimation have been proven to be high-cost operation with inconclusive result due to presence of thin-beds, dispersed clay type and highly variable water salinity. For this case study well, DTT testing was successfully acquired in two thinly laminated oil reservoirs and one gas reservoir. Real time monitoring and uses of high-definition logs at thinly laminated reservoirs (resistivity Rv, Rh, image log sand count, NMR) can reduce the uncertainty in terms of reservoir properties (saturation, porosity, permeability) and fluid typing. In this case study, DTT proved to be a practical alternative to the conventional DST, providing measurements to determine the reservoir dynamic properties (albeit over a smaller test interval), and the acquisition of very low contamination fluid samples for PVT analysis.\u0000 The successful implementation of the first deep transient testing oil and gas reservoirs within thin bed sequences with real-time monitoring and the use of high-definition logs at thinly laminated reservoirs can reduce uncertainty in reservoir properti","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinventing Well Integrity and Zonal Isolation in Well Abandonment Through Prudent Subsurface Data Integration and Novel Dual Casings Cement Bond Assessment Technology","authors":"S. Zulkipli, M. Z. A. Razak, Dzulfadly B. Johare","doi":"10.2523/iptc-23330-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23330-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recurring safety incidents due to unexpected gas leaks from downhole and sustained annulus pressure issue have become major catastrophic events which warrant an integrated solution to determine the leakage pathways, the root causes and the remedial job required. The unexpected gas migration has impacted the production leading to permanent well abandonment leaving a significant gap to meet the production target. Hence, a proactive diagnostic and remedial solution are required in place as an agile response to the uprising crises. This paper will highlight few case studies from well abandonment in offshore Malaysia involving gas migration and the application of emerging technology to diagnose the root cause and source of the unwanted gas.\u0000 Major sources of gas migration can include the shallow gas accumulation and gas channeling from deeper reservoirs either through tubing leak or behind casing seepage through the poorly bonded cement across the cased interval. A novel technology combining fiber optic, acoustic and ultrasonic measurement principles were deployed to simultaneously evaluate cement bond quality and zonal isolation in both single and dual casing layers. Compressional sonic measurement gives indication of shallow gas presence in the far field due to the deeper depth of investigation while fiber optic data will reveal the near wellbore effects behind the casing. In addition fluid samples from pre and post production wells were also analysed for leakage source determination.\u0000 Results indicate that cement bond quality across the target cap rock intervals are mostly poor and do not qualify as barrier in well abandonment. This finding agrees well with compressional sonic logging and fiber optic run in the shallower well section where absence of cement has caused intense casing ringing and impacts the log data quality accordingly. The novel dual casings cement bond logging tool also indicates poor cement isolation when run across the double casing layers. The observation has been validated with independent cement bond logging run in the outer casing after the inner casing was cut and pulled. Another case study confirms presence of good cement isolation behind the casing after log validation run post tubing retrieval. Comparison of hydrocarbon composition between pre and post production fluid samples taken in similar reservoir group also revealed that the source of gas migration is coming from the deeper reservoirs through the upper tubing leak as confirmed by tubing integrity check.\u0000 In conclusion, deployment of dual casings cement bond logging technology has successfully provided critical insights in real time for further decision on the remedial job. Operational efficiency, cost and time have been significantly enhanced by minimizing online rig activities and reducing equipment standby period. The case study represents an innovative and integrated solution combining both near and far field perspectives for safe well abandonment. Particular","PeriodicalId":518539,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, February 14, 2024","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140528019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}