World Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"The need for a rights‐based approach to acute models of care","authors":"G. Newton-Howes, Sarah E. Gordon","doi":"10.1002/wps.20965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20965","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48181144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The WPA Working Group on Intellectual Developmental Disorders: the need for a second paradigm shift","authors":"K. Munir, A. Roy, A. Javed","doi":"10.1002/wps.20979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20979","url":null,"abstract":"327 H. Herrman’s speech dealt with future prospects for women in psychiatry. She emphasized that deep-seated gender biases per sist across the world. The Lancet Commission on Gender and Global Health 2020 6 contends that gender intersects with other social factors to drive health inequities. It notes that, whereas 70% of health workers globally are female, 70% of health-care leaders are male. In psychiatry, women are still relatively scarce in the leadership of the profession, even though they are entering in higher numbers. The full involvement of women is critical for psychiatry. Women can bring a special contribution and different perspectives. However, professional barriers and problems for women persist. Mentoring and support of various kinds, flexible career paths, monitoring needs and experiences, and working with educators, employers, professional societies and policy makers are all needed. The WPA has worked to ensure that women colleagues are invited to participate fully and equally in the Association’s activities. It supports women in different places to share experiences and work together. Above all, it aims to foster an open and optimistic view among women of working in the profession. D. Bhugra’s presentation summarized the outcome of the work of the WPA-Lancet Psychiatry Commission on the future of psychiatry. In six potential themes, the Commission suggested that patients’ needs and treatments are likely to change. Laws supporting patients also need to change, as a survey of laws of 193 countries showed wide spread discrimination. The use of digital technology has been successfully demonstrated in the COVID-19 pandemic and this is likely to continue. However, ethical, confidentiality and privacy issues need to be addressed by the profession. Societal expectations will need to be taken into account when training the psychiatrists of the future. D. Wasserman’s speech dealt with suicidal behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. She reported that, compared to previous years, suicide rates have remained largely unchanged globally or declined in the early phase of the pandemic. However, increased suicide rates have been reported among non-white residents and Afro-American groups in the US, as well as among adolescents in China. Among adolescents, there have been no significant changes in suicide rates during the period of school closure, but an increase has been observed in the period after coming back to schools. No change in the number of suicide-related emergency department visits has been reported in many countries in the early phase of the pandemic. However, an increase in suicide-related emergency visits by females and youths has been identified since the summer of 2020 in the US. The assessment of suicidal thoughts and attempts during the pandemic showed significant increases, particularly in females and the young. As suicide attempts are the foremost predictor of completed suicides, vigorous preventive measures should be taken, ","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45128394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The alliance construct in psychotherapies: from evolution to revolution in theory and research","authors":"J. Muran","doi":"10.1002/wps.20973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20973","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43503565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post‐traumatic stress disorder as moderator of other mental health conditions","authors":"R. Bryant","doi":"10.1002/wps.20975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20975","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45485083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of currently available psychotherapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder and future directions","authors":"S. Norman","doi":"10.1002/wps.20974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20974","url":null,"abstract":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entered the DSM just over 40 years ago. Since then, there have been more than 300 completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of therapies for this condition, about two thirds of which have included one or more psychotherapies. It is therefore not surprising that there is a robust evidence base of effective psychotherapies for PTSD. Trauma-focused psychotherapies, in which processing memories and emotions related to the traumatic event is a primary focus throughout the treatment, have emerged as the most effective. Meta-analyses generally show large effect sizes for PTSD symptom reduction and high rates of loss of diagnosis or remission for these treatments. Among trauma-focused psychotherapies, prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, cognitive processing therapy (CPT), cognitive therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing stand out as having the strongest evidence, because they have been studied the most, by investigators different from those who developed the treatments, and with the broadest variety of populations and comorbidities. All involve manualized protocols usually completed in about 12 sessions, most often delivered weekly. While there have been few direct comparisons of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for PTSD, a meta-analysis that compared effect sizes across studies found larger effects for psychotherapies (g=1.14) than medications (g=0.42). There is also evidence that PTSD can be treated effectively with nontrauma-focused psychotherapies, which generally aim to improve specific skills, but effect sizes are generally smaller than for trauma-focused psychotherapies. The availability of effective treatments has fundamentally shifted our view of PTSD from a chronic condition that we can at best hope to manage, to a condition from which it is possible to recover. While this is tremendously good news, there is still a great deal of work left to do. Not everyone with PTSD is willing or able to engage in a trauma-focused psychotherapy; dropout from PTSD treatment remains high (this is true across PTSD treatment types, in part because a hallmark symptom of PTSD is avoidance); and a number of people who engage in these treatments remain partial responders or non-responders. Ongoing work to further improve the effectiveness of psychotherapies for PTSD can be divided broadly into two categories: a) research to improve engagement in and outcomes of existing trauma-focused psychotherapies, and b) research to develop and evaluate novel psychotherapies. A delivery adaptation that is promising in terms of improving engagement in existing psychotherapies is massed treatment, that is, psychotherapy sessions offered on consecutive days or multiple times per week. This format allows patients to complete treatment in 2-4 weeks, rather than in 3-4 months as is usually the case with weekly sessions. Field studies and a small number of RCTs show treatment completion rates upward of 85%, with effectiven","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48810551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjectivity, psychosis and the science of psychiatry","authors":"Louis Sass","doi":"10.1002/wps.20986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20986","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSM‐5‐TR: overview of what’s new and what’s changed","authors":"M. First, Lamyaa Yousif, D. Clarke, Philip S. Wang, N. Gogtay, P. Appelbaum","doi":"10.1002/wps.20989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20989","url":null,"abstract":"World Psychiatry 21:2 June 2022 Understanding the factors discussed above helps make sense of what, for many scientists and health professionals, is one of the most exasperating and difficult-to-understand features of the vaccination debate: facts are not enough. Merely repeating evidence has been a notoriously ineffective way of shifting attitudes among those who self-identify as anti-vaccination. One reason for this is that people do not always behave like cognitive scientists, weighing up evidence before reaching a conclusion. Frequently, we behave more like cognitive lawyers, selectively exposing ourselves, critiquing, and remembering evidence that reinforces a conclusion that feels “right” for us. Successful communication requires deep listening and an attentiveness to the fears, worldviews and ideologies that might be motivating COVID-19 refusal. Persuasion attempts that are responsive to these underlying “attitude roots” are more likely to be successful than those that sail above them with an exclusive focus on facts and data. Finally, mental health professionals recognize as much as anyone the importance of communication that is non-stigmatizing and inclusive. Although the public face of the anti-vaccination movement sometimes seems strident and unworthy of empathy, community members who align with those views are frequently characterized by anxiety and uncertainty. There is the potential for negative feedback loops, where the vaccine hesitant feel misunderstood and stigmatized, reinforcing their worldview that the system is corrupted and lacking in humanity. Feeling socially isolated, vaccine refusers may be driven toward the online communities and misinformation echo chambers that reinforce their fears. Respectful and inclusive communication is not just the “nice” thing to do; on a pragmatic level, it is a pre-requisite for enabling positive change.","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51240798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"After the acute crisis – engaging people with psychosis in rehabilitation‐oriented care","authors":"D. Siskind, Alison Yung","doi":"10.1002/wps.20970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20970","url":null,"abstract":"World Psychiatry 21:2 June 2022 services, based on evidence­based public policies and practices on a national level. International research groups, including scientists and service users from low­ and middle­income countries, are the key to the collection and timely dissemination of data on the best models and practices, with the goal to provide the evidence for sus­ tainable acute psychiatric care delivery.","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42935045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centering equity in mental health crisis services","authors":"Matthew L. Goldman, Sarah Y. Vinson","doi":"10.1002/wps.20968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20968","url":null,"abstract":"243 ate adaptations in psychiatric intensive care units, secure mental health services, emergency departments, and wards for other age groups. However, the staff short­ ages and considerable pressures faced by those working in mental health care also create considerable barriers for those im­ plementing interventions and undertak­ ing related research. A narrative review of the literature found a relatively small body of research on the use of closed circuits television (CCTV) to increase security for patients and staff in acute psychiatric units, but recognized the trade­off with privacy. CCTV increased sub­ jective feelings of safety amongst patient and staff, but there was no evidence that it increased objective security or reduced vi­ olence. CCTV and, more recently, infrared cam­ eras have also been used to conduct close ob­ servations and monitoring of vital signs in patients, including in seclusion. Such tech­ nology can be less invasive for patients, reduce sleep disruption when making checks, and can be preferred by some pa­ tients as it avoids staff entering a person’s private space. This may reduce triggers for conflict and aggression, and subsequent psychological harm associated with con­ tainment measures. Video monitoring can also allow over­stimulated patients to be left alone, while enabling staff to carry out their observations. On the other hand, the use of electronic surveillance can be seen as distancing and dehumanizing. Studies suggest that the main factor in comforting patients and re ­ ducing trauma during an episode of se clu­ sion or restraint is contact and commu­ nication with staff. Symptoms of fear, dis ­ trust or delusions can be worsened in some patients, and there are concerns that CCTV might increase paranoid thoughts or trig­ ger distressing memories of prior abuse involving videos. Video cameras might di­ rectly contribute to an atmosphere of de­ tachment, control and fear, which could promote occurrence of the very events that surveillance is supposed to reduce. Video­ ing patients, especially in distress, can fuel feelings of shame and touches the right to privacy. These concerns and the need for more re­ search are important, as the increasing avail­ ability and affordability of digital technol­ ogies has seen body worn cameras (BWC) being introduced to inpatient units, in emer­ gency departments and for paramedics in ambulances. BWCs are small devices that can be worn on clothing, which record sights and sounds in the vicinity of the wearer. Men tal health staff are being asked to wear BWCs and to switch them on dur­ ing inci dents, or sometimes at the request of a pa tient. It is hoped that the use of BWCs will defuse situations, reduce aggression, and increase accountability and evidence­ gathering around serious incidents. How­ ever, a recent systematic review of the liter­ ature identified only two low­quality eval­ uations of BWC use in mental health wards, with mixed results though some indication of ","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42353548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of complicated grief therapy for DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief disorder","authors":"Christine Mauro, Robert A. Tumasian, Natalia A Skritskaya, Margaret Gacheru, Sidney Zisook, Naomi M. Simon, Charles F. Reynolds, M. Shear","doi":"10.1002/wps.20991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20991","url":null,"abstract":"World Psychiatry 21:2 June 2022 2. Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958. 3. Lewinsohn PM, Libet J. J Abnorm Psychol 1972;79:291-5. 4. Bellack AS, Hersen M. Research and practice in social skills training. London: Plenum, 1979. 5. Meichenbaum DW, Goodman J. J Abnorm Psychol 1971;77:115-26. 6. Beck AT. Am Psychol 1991;46:368-75. 7. Linehan M. Bull Menn Clin 1987;51:261-76. 8. Banta HD, Saxe L. Am Psychol 1983;38:918-23. 9. Kanfer FH, Saslow G. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965;12:529-38.","PeriodicalId":49357,"journal":{"name":"World Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":73.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48463316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}