Pakistan postgraduate medical institute最新文献

{"title":"PROBLEMS WITH ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY TRAINING IN PAKISTAN","authors":"None Muhammad Hanif","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.655","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has an ever-increasing population at 240 million. More than 50% of this population comprises of the young adults. With poor implementation of traffic laws the numbers of road traffic accidents have increased exponentially. Increase in life expectancy leading to an increase in geriatric population has also increased the load of degenerative conditions and fragility fractures. The healthcare system in Pakistan is ill equipped with regards to infrastructure and man power to deal with ever increasing orthopedic problems. In addition, the quality of training for orthopedic surgeon has lagged behind as well as we are failing to produce adequately trained orthopedic surgeons to tackle the ever-increasing workload.1
 It has been noted for a while that there has been a considerable gradual decline in the standard of knowledge, particularly the basic sciences, namely anatomy, embryology, physiology, and pathology which are going to play vital role in development of specialty. In addition, the post- graduate training across most specialties in Pakistan is not comprehensive enough and most graduates may have insufficient training and experience to practice independently.1
 Currently there are two pathways for training in orthopedic surgery in Pakistan i.e; MS and FCPS. The MS degree is awarded by various universities including University of Health Sciences (UHS), King Edward Medical university, Fatima Jinnah Medical university etc whereas FCPS is awarded by College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP). Both are 5-year programs and follow a similar pattern- Years 1 and 2 are spent in general surgery and allied specialties. Orthopedic training comprises years 3,4 and 5 with 2 rotations of 3 months each included in A&E, rehab or Pediatric orthopedics. The working hours of most hospitals in Pakistan are between 8am to 2pm, there the training can be classified as part time at best when we compare it to west ern countries. Once training is completed, the candidates are eligible to sit in the exit exams. Only passing of the exit exam makes them eligible to pr gress to consultant or senior registrar post.
 Education with an 88-hour work week in most hospitals. Other Commonwealth countries follow pattern of training similar to the UK.
 In our country the training is carried out at the same teaching institute with the residents only ex-posed to a handful of teachers/consultants. This limits their exposure in terms of types of procedures and sub-specialty expertise. Moreover, there is no parity in the facilities available in various teaching hospitals i.e; some hospitals are equipped to carry out modern treatment while others may only be able to cater to the most basic orthopedic conditions. In western countries the trainees rotated through regional hospitals and are exposed to a large number of teachers/consuls tents with a wide range of sub specialties being covered.There is no concept of in-house regular evaluation or revalidation","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEED OF THE HOUR TO USE MR PERFUSION TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN RADIATION NECROSIS AND TUMOUR RECURRENCE IN KNOWN GLIOMA PATIENTS","authors":"Khurram Khaliq Bhinder","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.611","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional MR imaging may be non-specific in diagnosing low-grade gliomas. Better modalities are used nowadays including MRS (spectroscopy), perfusion, and diffusion-weighted imaging (1).
 MR perfusion is better than CT perfusion in various aspects. MR perfusion does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation. CT perfusion, on the other hand, can be harmful if the patient receives repeated doses. However, CT perfusion may be more readily available in emergency settings and can be quicker to perform than MR perfusion, which requires a longer acquisition time. CT perfusion can also provide more precise measurements of blood flow in small vessels than MR perfusion. Ultimately, the choice between MR perfusion and CT perfusion depends on the specific clinical situation and the preferences of the medical team.
 Perfusion MRI studies have become an increasingly important tool in the management of high-grade gliomas as well. Perfusion MRI allows clinicians to assess the vascularity of these tumors, providing information on tumor grade, response to treatment, and prognosis. Perfusion imaging can be performed using various techniques, including dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. DSC-MRI is the most commonly used technique, and it provides information on cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the tumor and surrounding tissue. ASL-MRI, on the other hand, measures blood flow by magnetically labeling arterial blood water protons and can provide information on tumor perfusion without the use of contrast agents. Overall, perfusion MRI studies have demonstrated significant potential for improving the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of high-grade gliomas. MR brain perfusion is a type of imaging technique that can be used to differentiate between radiation-related changes and tumor recurrence in patients who have undergone radiation therapy for brain tumors. (2).
 
 Tumor resection followed by chemoradiation remains the current criterion standard treatment for high-grade gliomas. Radiation therapy can cause changes in the brain that may appear similar to tumor recurrence on conventional MRI scans. However, MR brain perfusion can detect differences in blood flow patterns between tumor tissue and normal brain tissue, which can help to differentiate between radiation-related changes/necrosis and tumor recurrence (3).
 Every institute should start using MR perfusion studies to differentiate these. This will eventually help in patient correct diagnosis and reduction in morbidity and mortality.
 Key-words:
 Gliomas, MR Perfusion, CT Perfusion, Tumour Recurrence, Radiation Necrosis.
 
 Conflict of Interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest.
 
 Funding Role: None to declare.
 
 Author Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the drafting of study.
 
 Ethical Statement: Written as per the ethical guideline","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTIBIOGRAM OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG CLINICAL ISOLATES AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN LAHORE","authors":"Fatima Khalid, Mariam Danish Iqbal, Tariq Mahmud Tariq, Naureen Saeed, Safana Sadaf, Asma Akhtar","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.607","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: The importance of Staphylococcus aureus as a persistent nosocomial and
 community acquired pathogen has become a global health concern. It has a remarkable
 ability of evolving mechanisms Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureusof resistance to most antimicrobial agents.
 The global spread of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes one
 of the most serious contemporary challenges to the treatment of hospital-acquired
 infections.
 This study was conducted to screen and assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern
 of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens and determining prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
 Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study in which data of all clinical isolates reported as S aureus from 1st November 2019 to 31stOctober 2020 was collected through the electronic medical records system of Shalamar Teaching Hospital. Record of antibiotic susceptibility profile was categorized and analyzed.
 Results: A total of 149 S. aureus isolates were reported during the mentioned period. Out of those isolates 4.7% were sensitive to Ampicillin, 20% to Ciprofloxacin, 51% to Clindamycin, 40% to Cefuroxime, 14% to Erythromycin, 64% to Fusidic Acid, Fosfomycin showed 6.0% sensitivity, Nitrofurantoin 89%, Cefoxitin 45.0%,Gentamicin 72.5%, Linezolid 100%, Co-trimoxazole 33%,Teicoplanin 100%, and Vancomycin 100%.
 Conclusions: According to this study Vancomycin, Teicoplanin and Linezolid are still the most
 effective drugs that could be chosen for the treatment of S. aureus infections, as all isolates show 100% susceptibility to these antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF CONTRAST ENHANCED T2 FLAIR IN DIAGNOSING INFECTIVE MENINGITIS CONSIDERING CSF ANALYSIS AS GOLD STANDARD","authors":"None Muhammad Sehran Khalid, None Sadaf Arooj, None Aisha Asghar, None Ali Mansoor, None Mahjabeen Masood, None Faiza Afzal","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.606","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To determine diagnostic accuracy of contrast enhanced T2 FLAIR in diagnosing infective meningitis considering CSF analysis as gold standard.
 METHODS: A prospective study of 101 patients with clinical suspicion of meningitis, referred to the radiology department of Mayo Hospital Lahore for MRI examination was done. Patients with reduced renal function, claustrophobia and metallic implants were excluded from the study. The MRI brain with contrast including postcontrast T1WI and FLAIR sequences was performed at 1.5 T machine. The images then evaluated by the competent experienced radiologists. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis of the patients was done through lumbar puncture and was considered the “gold standard” against which comparison of MRI findings was done. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 23.
 RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of contrast enhanced T2 FLAIR MRI in detecting infective meningitis was 95.08% (CI-95%: 86.51-98.31) and 82.5% (CI-95%: 68.05, 91.25). While positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 89.23% (CI-95%: 79.4, 94.68) and 91.67% (CI-95%: 78.17, 97.13) respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 90.1% respectively.
 CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed higher sensitivity and specificity for contrast enhanced T2 FLAIR in diagnosing infective meningitis. So use of contrast enhanced T2 FLAIR can be helpful in early screening and diagnosis of meningeal infections.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLINICAL PROFILE OF DENGUE INFECTION IN PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP AT SOCIAL SECURITY TEACHING HOSPITAL,LAHORE","authors":"Shumaila Shahzeen, Khalid Mehmood Awan, None Amna Khalid, None Mohsin Ali, MEHWISH EJAZ, KHANDA FISHAN MUMTAZ","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.530","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue viral infection is a significant tropical disease and have become a major global public health concern. The present study sketches the evolving clinical spectrum of dengue especially highlighting the unusual manifestations. Methodology: Data of 120 suspected dengue fever cases was collected, compiled, and analysed during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the year 2022 at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Social Security Teaching Hospital, and Lahore. Patients with serological confirmation of dengue infection were classified according to Dengue GCP Guidelines 2020. Clinical parameters were studied. Results: Out of 120 suspected patients with dengue fever enrolled in the study, 48 (40%) had serologically confirmed dengue infection. Out of 120 cases, 68 (56.66%) patients were males and 52(43.33%) were females. 66.66 % patients had classical dengue fever while 33.33% had dengue hemorrhagic fever. DHF grade I/II was seen in 25 % cases and grade III DHF in 8.33% The most common symptoms after fever were vomiting (85.4% ), abdominal pain ( 68.75%), headache (37.5%), rash (20.83%) and itch (16.66%). Hemorrhagic manifestations were observed in 43.75% patients. Atypical manifestations were documented in 4 patients (8.33%) patients. Overall outcome in this study was good with no mortality.
 Conclusion: Dengue infection has posed a huge burden to the health-care system. Its spectrum ranges from mild self-limiting disease to severe fatal disease. It can have varied and multi-systemic manifestations which can go unnoticed. Pediatricians should have a high index of suspicion for atypical manifestations so revelation of the exact clinical profile is important for patient effective management.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CONTINUING MENACE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE (ESBLS) - A CENTRE BASED STUDY","authors":"None Sadia Ikram, None Kokab Jabeen, Saima Inam, None Asma Inam, None Sameen Hassan, None Sohaila Mushtaq, None Muhammad Atif Qureshi","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:
 Objective: To determine the occurrence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacteria (GNB) and their sensitivity patterns in a tertiary care hospital.
 Methods: In this cross-sectional study, conducted in the Microbiology section of Pathology lab, in a tertiary care hospital Lahore, various specimens such as blood, body fluids, urine, and pus were included during a period starting from October 2020 till September 2021. The samples having growth of gram negative bacteria were processed further for determination of ESBL production. After isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined for each isolate.
 Results: GNB were isolated from 130 samples, among those 46 (35.4%) were labelled as ESBL. The commonest ESBL producing bacteria was E. coli, followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa found in 17.39% samples. In E. Coli, Imipenem (IPM) showed highest sensitivity of 84.8%, other sensitive drugs were Amikacin (AK), gentamicin (CN), and Tazobactam-piperacillin(TZP). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Imipenem and Tazobactam-piperacillin showed sensitivity of 75%, AK and CN were 50% sensitive. Against Klebsiella pneumoniae , IPM was 100% sensitive, AK and TZP were 85.7% sensitive. IPM, CN, and AK were 100% sensitive against Morganella morganii. AK and CN were 100% sensitive against Citrobacter species.
 Conclusion: It was concluded that, there was significant prevalence of ESBL producing strains amongst Gram negative bacterial infections. E. Coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the commonest ESBL producers. IPM, AK, and TZP were sensitive against majority of the ESBL producing GNB.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSOCIATION OF HER2/NEU EXPRESSION WITH PATIENT PROGNOSIS IN PRIMARY GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA","authors":"Shirin Aamir, Nazia Khan, Syeda Kiran Riaz, Ahmareen Khalid Sheikh, Mehreen Mushtaq, Aisha Akbar, Sarah Khan","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.630","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Gastric carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the world. Aim of the present study was to determine the association of HER2 overexpression with prognostic factors in gastric adenocarcinoma affected Pakistani patients.
 Methods: For this purpose, immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer patients (n=200) was performed. HER2 was found to be overexpressed in 70% of cases included in the study. Association of HER2 expression with age greater than 40 years at the time of diagnosis, histological types and moderately differentiated grades of primary gastric adenocarcinoma was observed.
 Results: HER2 was found to be overexpressed in 20% of cases. No association of HER2 was identified with the gender of the patients. Interestingly, HER2, overexpression was present in 75% of intestinal and 37% of diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma. Based on tumor differentiation, well-differentiated (grade I) and moderately differentiated type (grade II) adenocarcinoma showed overexpression of HER2 in 90 and 80% patients respectively. Moreover, 60% patients having poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (grade III) also exhibited HER2 overexpression.
 Conclusion: Due to presence of HER2 overexpression in diffuse type gastric carcinoma as well, it is suggested that every case of gastric adenocarcinoma should be tested for HER2 overexpression so that they can be offered targeted molecular therapy for better survival.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME BETWEEN TITANIUM ELASTIC NAILING AND HIP SPICA CAST IN TREATMENT OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES IN CHILDREN","authors":"Kashif Raza Khan, None Asim Rasool, None Muhammad Umair, None Majid Rashid, None Tallal Ahmad Lodhi, None Shahid Iqbal","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.622","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The femur, also known as the thigh bone, holds several notable distinctions within the human body. It is the longest bone, exhibiting considerable strength and durability. Ongoing debate exists regarding the optimal management approach for femoral shaft fractures in children.&#x0D; Objectives: To compare the frequency of functional outcome between titanium elastic nailing versus hip spica cast in treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children.&#x0D; Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted at Sahiwal Teaching Hospital Sahiwal. Total 140(70 in each group) patients were enrolled after fulfilling the predetermined selection criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to two separate groups. Group A patients were managed with Titanium elastic nail (TEN) method and group B patients were managed with hip spica cast method. After 3rd month, functional outcome was noted in both groups. &#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 5.92±2.03 years, 65% patients were male. After 3rd month, in TEN group excellent outcome was seen in 59(84.3%) patients and in Spica Cast group it was seen in 7(10%) patients (p-value=<0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that titanium elastic nailing offers higher percentage of excellent functional outcomes compared to hip spica cast in treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children&#x0D; Keywords: Femoral Shaft Fractures, Hip Spica Cast, Titanium Elastic Nailing, Functional Outcome","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136344539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of Iron Deficiency in Children With Hypochromia and Microcytosis on Blood Smears","authors":"None Muhammad Faisal, None Sajid Mustafa, None Muhammad Yasin, None Jovaria Saeed","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.610","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The relationship between iron deficiency and certain phenomenon like hematological alterations, inadequate growth, altered thermoregulatory function and reduced cognitive function have been well known.&#x0D; Objectives: To determine the frequency of iron deficiency in children with hypochromic and microcytic anemia on blood smears.&#x0D; Methods: This case-control study was performed in the department of pediatrics, Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal, Pakistan from May 2022 to April 2023. For cases, we included 179 children of both genders aged between 1 month and 15 years with hypochromia and microcytosis. Similar number of healthy children (n=179) of both gender and aged below 15 years were enrolled as controls. At the time of enrollment, socio-demographic information like gender, age and residential area were recorded. Local institutional laboratory was utilized for the hematological parameters. Hypochromia and microcytosis were labeled as MCV< 76fl and MCHC < 30 g/dl of red cells while blood film also depicted hypochromia and microcytosis. IDA was termed as serum ferritin < 12 ng/dl.&#x0D; Results In a total of 358 children, there were 192 (53.6%) boys. The mean age was 7.8±3.2 years while 184 (51.4%) children were between 6-15 years. Residential status of 196 (54.7%) children was rural. Overall, iron deficiency was diagnosed in 209 (58.4%) children. Among cases, 171 (95.5%) children had iron deficiency while among controls, 38 (21.2%) children had IDA (p<0.0001). Cases and controls were compared for various hematological laboratory parameters and statistically significant differences were observed for all parameters among cases and controls (p<0.0001).&#x0D; Conclusion: The frequency of iron deficiency was 95.5% among children with hypochromia and microcytosis on blood smears. Hematological parameters were significantly deranged among children with hypochromia and microcytosis when compared to healthy children.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARISON OF PATHOLOGICAL VERSUS SUSPICIOUS CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY IN PREDICTING FETAL DISTRESS IN TERMS OF APGAR SCORE AND UMBILICAL CORD PH AT ONE MINUTE ON CAESAREAN SECTION","authors":"None Saadia Ghafoor, None Muhammad Al Fareed Zafar","doi":"10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v34i03.627","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to see if there is a link between fetal distress as determined by CTG and immediate postpartum umbilical cord blood pH.&#x0D; METHODS: This comparative analytical study was carried out at as Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. We included 454 antenatal patients in our research which were divided in two groups: group-A (Pathological trace) and group-B (Suspicious trace) i.e. 227 in each group. All infants were observed for neonatal outcome as were admitted in neonatal ICU and APGAR score < 7.&#x0D; RESULTS: The mean age of all participating pregnant females was 28.86 ± 6.56 years while the mean age in group-A (Pathological trace) and group-B (Suspicious trace) was 29.34 ± 6.56 years and 28.38± 6.54 years, respectively, with insignificant p-value of 0.119 (i.e > 0.05). In groups A and B, the proportion of babies with an APGAR score of less than 7 was 80.6 % and 5.7 %, respectively, p-value <0.001. The NICU admission rate in group-A (77.1%) was higher than in group-B (9.3%), p-value< 0.001.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: When compared to suspicious CTG, pathologically trace showed a higher rate of APGAR score less than 7, foetal distress, and admission to neonatal ICU. Moreover, pathological CTG trace has higher predictive accuracy for neonatal outcome such as fetal distress, APGAR score < 7 and admission to NICU.","PeriodicalId":493550,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan postgraduate medical institute","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}