Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop最新文献

{"title":"Road and highway undercrossings as potential critical linkages for California’s elk populations","authors":"R. Lanman, James Kilber, Jeff Cann, Carrington Hilson, Erin Zulliger, Joshua P. Bush, F. Weckerly, Tom Batter","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124284957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of aerial distance sampling to estimate abundance of tule elk across a gradient of canopy cover and comparison to a concurrent fecal DNA spatial capture-recapture survey","authors":"Tom Batter, R. H. Landers, K. Denryter, Joshua P. Bush","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.17","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, aerial surveys have been used widely to monitor abundance of large mammals in the western United States. In California, such surveys have typically served as minimum count indices rather than true abundance estimates. Here, we evaluated the utility of aerial multiple covariate distance sampling (MCDS) to estimate abundance of three populations of tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes) in northern California. We also compared estimates and costs with published results from a concurrent fecal DNA spatial capture-recapture (SCR) survey. During December 2018 and 2019, we flew line transects for distance sampling of tule elk in Colusa and Lake counties. We modeled detection functions and evaluated effects of group size, canopy cover, and survey year. We averaged the top models comprising ≥0.95 of Akaike Model Weight and estimated abundance of both total and discrete populations. Detection probability increased with increasing group size and decreasing canopy cover. We estimated a two-year average total population size of N̂ = 674 elk (90% CI = 501–907) in our survey area which was similar to N̂ = 653 elk (90% CI = 573–745) from SCR estimates. Overall precision was greater (CV = 0.08; range = 0.11–0.30 by population) for SCR than for MCDS (CV = 0.18; range = 0.22–0.43 by population). Although estimates differed somewhat between methods for the individual populations, the combined estimate across the study region compared favorably. Total cost of SCR and MCDS surveys was $98,326 and $147,324, respectively. While SCR efforts were more precise and less expensive overall, our MCDS approach reduced staff time by 64% (587 person-hours) and the number of survey days by 87% (64 days). Our results suggest MCDS methods can produce reliable abundance estimates across a gradient of canopy cover, particularly when observations can be pooled across populations to decrease variance. We recommend future research to assess use of hybrid models, such as mark-recapture distance sampling or hierarchical distance sampling, to improve precision and estimation of detection probability.","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128925080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of endoparasite abundance and species richness of two Roosevelt elk herds in northern California","authors":"Scarlett A. Stromer, Carrington Hilson, Richard N. Brown","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.15","url":null,"abstract":"Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) have historically populated the Pacific Northwest from the Olympic Peninsula to the south of San Francisco Bay, and several management actions have supported restoring elk into parts of this historic range. In 1982, 17 Roosevelt elk were translocated from Gold Bluffs Beach State Park to Sinkyone Wilderness State Park. In 2020, the Sinkyone elk herd was observed to have lower body condition scores and poor coat conditions in comparison to the Gold Bluffs Beach elk herd. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the difference in health between the two herds. Fecal samples were collected (n = 20) from each herd to measure species richness and abundance of parasites. We determined there was a significant difference in species richness and abundance of parasite eggs between the two herds. The Sinkyone herd's overall higher endoparasite load may be attributed to a low immune response due to low nutrition but, causation is unknown.","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"107 46","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131912953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Deer and Elk Workshop Special Issue – Part 1","authors":"K. Denryter, Sara Holm","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.intpt1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.intpt1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131585883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of considerations for restoration of tule elk to the San Francisco Peninsula and northern Monterey Bay counties of California","authors":"R. Lanman, W. Leikam, M. Arellano, A. Leventhal, Valentin Lopez, R. Phillips, J. Phillips, K. Denryter","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.14","url":null,"abstract":"Successful translocations of tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes) have been conducted since the early 1900s, with their state population rising from a nadir of as few as three surviving individuals to about 500 when reintroductions began, and to over 5,700 by 2017. However, natural range expansion of extant populations is currently limited by heavily trafficked major highways and urban areas with dense human populations. We determined that the San Francisco Peninsula and northern Monterey Bay counties (the study area) offer 193,973 ha (479,308 acres) of protected open space, several orders of magnitude greater than coastal tule elk home range size. Habitat suitability is supported by abundant historical observer, museum, and archeological records of elk located in this region. The nearest elk population to the study area is in eastern Santa Clara County and has grown from 65 animals that were translocated to Mt. Hamilton in the Diablo Range from 1978–1981 to at least 90 in five–six separate herds counted by aerial and photographic surveys in 2019. United States (U.S.) Highway 101 and metropolitan San Jose remain barriers to western range extension. Translocation and/or construction of freeway over- and under-crossings may enable westward range expansion to a less arid region, contributing to increased resilience of tule elk to climate change, and bringing aesthetic, financial, and ecological benefits of this once native ungulate grazer to the area.","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"314 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130987847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Deer and Elk Workshop Special Issue – Part 2","authors":"J. Heffelfinger","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.intpt2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.intpt2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134320084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unintended consequences of species translocations: changes in distribution and habitat selection of mule deer following introduction of elk","authors":"Cody Schroeder, K. Stewart","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.16","url":null,"abstract":"Translocation of animals for conservation has a long history of successes and failures since humans began intervening with species distributions in the early part of the 20th century. Effects of translocations on other species occupying the area of introduction are rarely considered in species management plans. We hypothesized that the introduction of a large-bodied ungulate, Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni), would cause a shift in the spatial distribution and winter habitat selection of a smaller-bodied ungulate, Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), already occupying the study area in northeastern Nevada. We examined mule deer survey locations during an 8-year time interval from 1993 to 2001 to test hypotheses related to potential competition with or displacement of mule deer following introduction of elk in 1997. We used geospatial statistics to quantify changes in seasonal distributions of mule deer and a resource selection function (RSF) framework to model changes in selection of resources by mule deer before and after elk were translocated into our study area. Our results indicated that mule deer exhibited a shift in their core distribution by approximately 5.72 km after the introduction of elk. Mule deer changed their use of habitat by selecting shallower slopes, more north-facing aspects, and areas farther from the elk release site, where most of the elk congregated. Mule deer selected habitats with more pinyon-juniper tree cover and mixed shrublands prior to the elk translocation, indicating a potential tradeoff in thermal cover and forage quality. This research is one of the few empirical studies to describe competitive interactions between elk and mule deer on a shared winter range in North America. Implications of this research have importance for managers concerned with restoring communities to their native conditions especially where the potential for competition with non-indigenous species or other competing species with similar niche requirements exists.","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122649109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tule elk selection of surface water and forage is mediated by season and drought","authors":"Adam S. Mohr, R. Stafford, W. Bean","doi":"10.51492/cfwj.108.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.19","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is expected to affect arid-system ungulate populations by altering the distribution and availability of critical resources such as water and forage, particularly through more frequent and extreme droughts. Tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes), a subspecies of North American elk endemic to the Mediterranean climate regions of California, USA, can provide insight into the habitat selection behaviors arid-system ungulate populations use in response to changing resource availability. We used location data collected between 2005⁠–⁠2017 from GPS-collared tule elk to model elk response to surface water sources, forage dynamics (i.e., spatio-temporal changes in forage quality and abundance), and drought in the wet and dry seasons. These data spanned the extreme drought that occurred from 2012–⁠2017, a time when survival was apparently stable in the population. We found that, in the dry season, tule elk localized around water sources but selected areas farther from water with greater forage abundance. In the wet season, high quality forage and road avoidance were the primary factors influencing selection. These patterns were intensified by the extreme drought, with elk selecting areas closer to water in the dry season and farther from water sources in the wet season. Tule elk appeared to modify their behavior to minimize the impacts of drought on their survival. These findings suggest that water source availability and the relationship between water sources and other landscape features, including forage and roads, are a critical component of ungulate management in drought-prone regions.","PeriodicalId":440010,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Deer and Elk Workshop","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124980387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}