Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje最新文献

{"title":"THE ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION-MAKING\u0000PROCESS IN MECHANISTIC\u0000AND CYBERNETIC CONCEPTS\u0000OF HUMAN BEING","authors":"T. Grabinska, M. Kaminska-Zabierowska","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.5884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5884","url":null,"abstract":"There are discussed two models of human reactions to stimuli from the environment.\u0000In the mechanistic model, the decision-making process is determined\u0000and triggered by internal power, and this is fueled by the acquisition\u0000of external goods. In the cybernetic model, man is an autonomous\u0000system, i.e. equipped with so-called homeostat, which regulates the processing\u0000of information from outside, according to his own purpose to influence\u0000the environment. Both models are compared in terms of the effect\u0000of the decision. While the man-machine regulates the state of the environment\u0000in overcoming conflict in it, the man-autonom has a wider field\u0000of action to modify the state of the environment, according to his own goal. In both models, however, there is no room for a value system that\u0000motivates the decision-making process.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":432439,"journal":{"name":"Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127676226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE NEED TO STRENGTHEN\u0000INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION\u0000OF THE THIRD-GENERATION\u0000HUMAN RIGHTS","authors":"Wojciech M. Hrynicki","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0012.5887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5887","url":null,"abstract":"1. Purpose\u0000The purpose of the article is to confirm the relevance of isolation\u0000of the third-generation human rights and to indicate the need for action\u0000at international level in order to enforce such rights of a collective nature.\u0000Analysing the selected third-generation human rights the author draws\u0000attention to the fact that some of the third-generation rights are violated\u0000in practice and hence indispensable are measures of an international nature\u0000that aim at reinforcement of protection of these rights.\u00002. Introduction\u0000The third-generation human rights were isolated in the 70’s of the XX century\u0000by a French scientist of Czech origin Karel Vašak. They are collective\u0000in nature and contrary to the first- and second-generation rights (which are related to liberty and equality) serve entire human communities. Protection\u0000of the third-generation human rights makes sense if the overall\u0000objective of the ensuring is not a human but a group of people. Hence,\u0000the most significant third-generation human rights house in particular\u0000the right to peace, to democratic state based on the rule of law, to self-determination\u0000of nations, to security, to a healthy environment, to development,\u0000to humanitarian aid, to participation in human heritage. It is important\u0000to realise that enforcement of the first- and second-generation human\u0000rights (to liberty and equality) is associated with a sufficient guaranteeing\u0000the third-generation human rights. Unfortunately, the third-generation\u0000rights are often violated nowadays (by numerous wars, impossibility\u0000of self-determination for some nations, lack of broad international environmental\u0000protection measures and cherishing the common human heritage).\u0000That is why it is vital to create awareness and take actions in favour\u0000of protection of the third-generation human rights.\u00003. Methodology\u0000The author isolates and describes the third-generation human rights using\u0000primarily the method of critical review of the literature. In the alternative,\u0000he deals with the dogmatic-legal method analysing texts of international\u0000law. In order to illustrate cases of the third-generation human rights abuses\u0000and to give legitimacy to taking action at international level the author\u0000also uses the case study method.\u00004. Conclusions\u0000The author justifies the need to isolate the third-generation human rights\u0000and proves that contemporarily these rights are prejudiced on many aspects.\u0000He indicates that violation of the third-generation human rights\u0000legitimizes the need to strengthen their protection at international level.\u0000The respect for the third-generation human rights guarantees the exercise\u0000of liberties and equality laws, i.e. the first- and second-generation\u0000human rights\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":432439,"journal":{"name":"Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116421040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}