{"title":"Do White Police Officers Unfairly Target Black Suspects?","authors":"J. Lott, C. Moody","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2870189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2870189","url":null,"abstract":"Using a unique data set we link the race of police officers who kill suspects with the race of those who are killed across the United States. We have data on a total of 2,706 fatal police killings for the years 2013 to 2015. This is 1,333 more killings by police than is provided by the FBI data on justifiable police homicides. We conducted three tests of discrimination. The results of these tests are different. In the first test we find some evidence that white officers are more likely to kill a black suspect who is later found to be unarmed than they are to kill an unarmed white suspect. However, this result could not be confirmed using a fixed effects model on panel data aggregated to the city level. In the second test, we find that white police officers are no more likely to kill an unarmed black suspect than are black or Hispanic officers. The results of this test are confirmed by the panel data version of the test. The third discrimination test indicated that black suspects, whether armed or not, are no more likely to be killed by a white officer than they are to be killed by black or Hispanic officers. Similarly, Hispanic suspects are no more likely to be killed by white offices than officers of other races. These results are also confirmed by panel data analyses. We find that when there is more than one officer on the scene, unarmed black suspects are not more likely to be killed by white police officers than unarmed white suspects. This could be evidence supporting a policy of reducing the number of officers working alone. Also, we find no evidence that body cameras affect either the number of police killings or the racial composition of those killings.","PeriodicalId":431239,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129046470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inequalities, Fraud and Caste Punishments: An American Saga","authors":"N. Caldararo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2530734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2530734","url":null,"abstract":"What is the nature of equality under the law? How should someone be treated who has created a confusion and caused people to lose millions as opposed to someone who cheats others of goods or services by deception? What is the difference in intent when one person executes a fraud on an- other but the value of that fraud is in billions of dollars as opposed to one carried out that has the value of hundreds or thousands of dollars? There appears to be a wall in our society between those crimes that are defined as such and those acts where are deceptive but cheat others of their property. An examination of this phenomenon provides an insight into the special caste people in the financial world have created for themselves. Banks claim that regulation of the Dodd-Frank legislation is ruining the financial system. The implication is that banks and bankers are exempt from fraud.","PeriodicalId":431239,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Sub-Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123046152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Multicausality Model of Rape","authors":"J. Mathews","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2410080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2410080","url":null,"abstract":"Rape as a frequently reported sex crime is studied from different perspectives. There are analyses that involve considerations from male pathology, socio-cultural elements, situational variables and victim’s precipitation. An integrated model of multiple causality that takes into account all the diverse views is presented. The important propositions derived from the model are also considered.","PeriodicalId":431239,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Sub-Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117323564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Various Factors Influencing Human Trafficking in India","authors":"V. Reddy","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2965894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2965894","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the trafficking of women and children in India with its permanent and temporary influencing factors. It examines the history of human trafficking using descriptive statistics, trends, and the like in order to explain some theoretical facts for human trafficking, as well as to analyze the major influencing factors in detail, with specific emphasis on human trafficking as it takes place in and from India. It analyzes the issues related to impact of sex ratio, relative status of women (literacy and mean age at marriages), work force in rural and urban with various industrial categories (agriculture and non agriculture) and their income. This paper also identifies domestic consumption of textiles (trends in per capita consumption expenditures and shares on clothing in rural as well as urban at current prices) as one of the important factors causing human trafficking. It also discusses briefly about poverty, policy Issues related to immigrants and emigrants, political party’s decision role and the details of various communities and how they have been affected by human trafficking.","PeriodicalId":431239,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Violence & Crime (Sub-Topic)","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131968615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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