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Goma 1994: Notes from the Field 戈马1994:来自实地的说明
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.08
Alasdair Gordon-Gibson
{"title":"Goma 1994: Notes from the Field","authors":"Alasdair Gordon-Gibson","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article reflects on the varied and complex dynamics faced by humanitarian agencies working in the Goma area during a six-week period from mid-July 1994, shortly after the exodus of an estimated 850,000 refugees fleeing Rwanda who settled in the vicinity of Goma town in eastern Zaire, until the end of August 1994, which marked the period when the emergency phase of the humanitarian action in support of this refugee population began to stabilize. It considers three main dynamics, which were salient at the time: (1) the speed and size of the emergency; (2) the political environment inside the camps; (3) the traumas affecting the humanitarian environment. It covers the period when the author was assigned to support the emergency response to the crisis, and so combines personal reflections with reviews of some of the academic critique of the response by the international community. The article identifies the action as being critical to the evolution of international humanitarian response over the following two decades and concludes with a reflection on some of the lessons learned.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"254 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Islamic State's Êzîdî Genocide in Iraq: The Sinjār Operations 伊斯兰国在伊拉克的Êzîdî种族灭绝:Sinjār行动
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.02
Fazil Moradi, K. Anderson
{"title":"The Islamic State's Êzîdî Genocide in Iraq: The Sinjār Operations","authors":"Fazil Moradi, K. Anderson","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper critically examines the Islamic State's annihilatory violence committed against the Êzîdîs in Iraq since 2014. It argues that the violence is a product of both Êzîdî marginality and the ideology of the Islamic State, which is grounded in its particular neo-historical iteration of Islam. Annihilatory violence is fundamental for the IS to actualize its iteration of the holy Qur'ān, the words and actions of the Islamic prophet, and historical events, dividing the world into binaries of the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War, or good and evil. It draws from anthropological research and interviews conducted by the authors with survivors and perpetrators in 2014 and 2016 to argue that the Islamic State's campaign against the Êzîdîs constitutes the subjective and objective elements of the crime of genocide.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"121 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
An Empirical Analysis of Arrests and Executions at S-21 Security-Center During the Cambodian Genocide 柬埔寨种族灭绝期间S-21安全中心逮捕和处决的实证分析
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.09
J. Tyner, Sokvisal Kimsroy, Chenjian Fu, Zheye Wang, Xinyue Ye
{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of Arrests and Executions at S-21 Security-Center During the Cambodian Genocide","authors":"J. Tyner, Sokvisal Kimsroy, Chenjian Fu, Zheye Wang, Xinyue Ye","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.2.09","url":null,"abstract":"During the Cambodian genocide (1975–1979), approximately 200 security-centers were established by the Khmer Rouge. One of these institutions, designated by the code-name S-21, had the primary responsibility of punishing individuals deemed 'guilty' of crimes against the state. Much research has examined S-21, albeit from the standpoint of its symbolic importance or the conversion of the site into a museum of genocide; less research has empirically examined the arrest and execution records of S-21. Through a series of statistical analyses, in this research paper we highlight patterns of arrest and execution as a means of advancing our empirical understanding of the Cambodian genocide.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"268 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.10.2.09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
What Could Not Be Written: A Study of the Oral Transmission of Sayfo Genocide Memory Among Assyrians 什么不能写:亚述人对Sayfo种族灭绝记忆的口头传播研究
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.17863/CAM.13086
Naures Atto
{"title":"What Could Not Be Written: A Study of the Oral Transmission of Sayfo Genocide Memory Among Assyrians","authors":"Naures Atto","doi":"10.17863/CAM.13086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.13086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses the ways in which eyewitness accounts about the Assyrian Genocide have been transmitted in writing and orally, reconstructed across generations, and how these accounts have been expressed in lamentations, poetry, and songs in the diaspora, after large numbers of Assyrians settled in Western states beginning in the 1960s. The study of poetry and songs is not only important for reasons of literary analysis, but more so because of the relatively few written primary sources about the Assyrian Genocide. The production of poetry and songs has partly been instrumental in avoiding censorship and renewed persecution, but in recent years has additional value as a medium to call for future action in preventing violence and transmiting memories of the past. The article also highlights culturally specific forms of coping with trauma and transmitting memory. It is based on the analysis of Sayfo lamentations and poetry produced in the homeland, 21 Sayfo songs and poems produced in the Western diaspora, and some recent interviews with the writers of these songs.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"183 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67571854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Holocaust Denial and Holocaust Memory: The Case of Ernst Zündel 否认大屠杀和大屠杀记忆:恩斯特·兹<s:1>恩德尔的案例
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.05
Jason Tingler
{"title":"Holocaust Denial and Holocaust Memory: The Case of Ernst Zündel","authors":"Jason Tingler","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Until his extradition to Germany in 2005, Ernst Zündel was the largest promoter of Holocaust denial literature in the world. In 1985, Zündel was even put on trial in Toronto for his fallacious publications. The trial was brought by Holocaust survivors seeking to safeguard Holocaust memory, which had grown in Canada's public consciousness during the 1960s and 1970s, but which had been viciously attacked by Zündel. This article explores the origins and history of Zündel's denial, and offers a new perspective on a well-known denier. While antisemitism played an essential role, the author argues that to understand Zündel's denial requires contextualizing his deplorable beliefs, as denial can also serve a special role in deniers' sense of themselves. By taking issues of identity seriously, such as how one fabricates a historical web of meaning, we can better understand what causes some people to deny the undeniable.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"210 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Brief Introduction to Theories of International Political Economy 国际政治经济学理论简介
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.10.1.02
William W. Newmann
{"title":"A Brief Introduction to Theories of International Political Economy","authors":"William W. Newmann","doi":"10.3138/gsi.10.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.10.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars of political violence and genocide often lament that idealist issues such as humanitarian tragedies typically take a back seat to realist issues such as great power rivalry. They also should consider another set of calculations made by decision makers—those related to economic issues. A look at international political economy explains how governments frame their economic challenges of today and tomorrow. This essay provides a brief look at the main theories of international political economy: economic liberalism, economic nationalism, and economic structuralism (dependency and Marxism). It also examines two hybrid ideas—the East Asian strategy and state capitalism—and the phenomenon of globalization. Genocide and humanitarian tragedies have economic dimensions to them. Governments making choices about intervention also have competing economic responsibilities. A look at these theories helps reveal the different assumptions about international political economy that color scholarly judgment on key political and economic trends, and how governments or movements frame their choices when economic perspectives are placed into the mix.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"26 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.10.1.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
How Does One Address the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and Modern Denial? 如何纪念亚美尼亚种族灭绝和现代否认100周年?
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.09
Roger W. Smith
{"title":"How Does One Address the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and Modern Denial?","authors":"Roger W. Smith","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.1.09","url":null,"abstract":"How does one commemorate a genocide that has been denied for a hundred years, and continues to be officially denied by the government of Turkey? The Republic of Armenia, and the foreign ministry in particular, chose to organize a Global Forum Against the Crime of Genocide in Yerevan on 22-23 April 2015. It involved several panels featuring the most prominent genocide scholars and included an in-depth discussion of denial. This exchange raised some interesting questions. Are we talking about new forms of denial or new tactics to advance denial? And if, as I argue, all modern regimes deny genocide, then where does that leave us: is genocide denial multiplying?","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"100 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.10.1.09","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69299884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Introduction: Varieties of Political Economy: Theories and Case Studies 导论:政治经济学的多样性:理论与案例研究
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.01
H. Hirsch
{"title":"Introduction: Varieties of Political Economy: Theories and Case Studies","authors":"H. Hirsch","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Volume 10, issue 1 of Genocide Studies International is a special issue on the political economy of genocide. The editors of Genocide Studies International do their best to examine issues on the “cutting edge” of genocide studies. In pursuit of this goal we attempt to cover topics, which have been, at least in our estimation, not examined in detail, and which we believe deserve greater attention in the literature. This is one of those topics. While there is at least one recent book that directly examines the political economy of genocide, Garry Leech’s, Capitalism: A Structural Genocide, which is reviewed in this issue, it follows the all too familiar pattern of assuming that any discussion of political economy involves a certain paradigm. In fact, the mere mention of “political economy” brings forth numerous images in the minds of readers and researchers. First and foremost, it is most likely that the term brings forth images of Marxist analysis or neo-Marxist critiques of existing literature. This is unfortunate since there exists a large variety of theories and approaches to the study of political economy. That is the very reason we start the present issue with an exploration of the varieties of approaches to the study of political economy in general and the political economy of genocide in particular. It is important to not allow oneself to get sidetracked into thinking that there is a single, dominant accepted approach to the study of political economy. The wide range of definitions—all the way from rational choice theory to Marxist critiques of capitalism are explained in the first article by William Newmann, “Introduction to Political Economy: Theories and Applications.” Newmann notes:","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.10.1.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Plunder of Wealth through Abandoned Properties Laws in the Armenian Genocide 亚美尼亚种族灭绝中通过废弃物权法掠夺财富
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.04
Ümit Kurt
{"title":"The Plunder of Wealth through Abandoned Properties Laws in the Armenian Genocide","authors":"Ümit Kurt","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The state-orchestrated plunder of Armenian property immediately impoverished its victims; this was simultaneously a condition for and a consequence of the Armenian Genocide. A series of laws and decrees as well as complex bureaucratic mechanisms were devised in the Ottoman-Turkish Republican periods concerning the administration of the belongings left behind by the deported Armenians. The aim of this article is to analyze these laws and statutes, which were known as the Abandoned Properties Laws. It attempts to elucidate the dominant logic of the laws, decrees, and regulations concerning the abandoned properties, which are closely connected to the political economy of the Armenian Genocide.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"37 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.10.1.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69299724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Reflections on Contemporary Responses to Atrocity Crimes 当代对暴行犯罪反应的思考
Genocide Studies International Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.10
D. Scheffer
{"title":"Reflections on Contemporary Responses to Atrocity Crimes","authors":"D. Scheffer","doi":"10.3138/GSI.10.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.10.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Several challenges arise in responding to atrocity crimes in contemporary practice. First, there is not the same proactive vision for justice in the U.N. Security Council as existed in 1993 and 1994. Second, reflecting upon the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and recent controversial judgments, the question looms whether judges properly evaluate how mass atrocity crimes occur within the particular characteristics of the overall situation or overall conflict. Third, the great value of international criminal tribunals and internationally-created hybrid tribunals is that they create a clear public record of events that, through the rigorous investigation and prosecution of atrocity crimes, rebut attempts at denial or revisionism by politicians and extremists. Further, a new paradigm in international affairs should be formulated, one that compels effective, timely, and significant multilateral responses directly aimed at lawless forces engaged in atrocity crimes and bold enough to act swiftly with lawful justification even in the absence of Security Council authorization thwarted by the veto power.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"10 1","pages":"105 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.10.1.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69299896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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