{"title":"Using High-Frequency Evaluations to Estimate Discrimination: Evidence from Mortgage Loan Officers","authors":"M. Giacoletti, Rawley Z. Heimer, Edison G. Yu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3795547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3795547","url":null,"abstract":"We develop tests for discrimination that we apply to 25 years of mortgage lending. Our tests limit the scope for omitted variables in a conventional benchmarking test by combining high-frequency mortgage evaluations with the notion that economic incentives can mitigate subjective biases. Loan officers have monthly volume quotas that constrain their subjectivity on loans processed at month-end. Concurrently, applicant characteristics are time-invariant within-month. We estimate that loan officers’ subjectivity contributes to at least half of the unexplained Black approval gap. The within-month approval gap is smaller for shadow banks, but not for FinTech lenders or banks in concentrated markets.","PeriodicalId":405839,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Codes of Conduct (Topic)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123033913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highlights of the Evolution of the 'Balanced Scorecard' Idea as a Model for Managing Strategy Development and Control","authors":"V. Terziev, Marin Georgiev","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3010952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3010952","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the development of the concept of the balanced scorecard in various conditions. Observing the process of perfecting the idea provides information about the way this concept adapts both to specific organizational needs and industrial specificities. Exactly for this reason, as a focal point of the article could be identified the functional development of the balanced scorecard and its transformation from a model of analysis and assessment to one which could be applied to expressed organization and corporate strategies.","PeriodicalId":405839,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Codes of Conduct (Topic)","volume":"50 1-5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123447889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Analysis of the Adherence to GRI for Disclosing Information on Social Action and Sustainability Concerns","authors":"V. Crisóstomo, Priscila Prudêncio, Hyane Forte","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2860136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2860136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000The objective of this paper is to assess the degree of adherence to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) by organizations from all over the world, as well as the quality of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports under the institutional and legitimacy theoretical frameworks. Content analysis was conducted on annual data from all organizations that used GRI as a means for disclosing CSR information. Descriptive analyses and tests for the difference in proportions have been processed. The whole set of organizations adhering to GRI, from 1999 to 2013, has been analyzed. Results signal an increasing adherence to GRI together with an improvement in the quality of reports, which indicates that GRI seems to be recognized as relevant to CSR disclosure. The publication of integrated reports has increased rapidly. The high proportion of organizations adhering to GRI from OECD countries and continents with more advanced economies signals that the institutional and legal environment may contribute to CSR reporting and its quality. The high adherence of business organizations may indicate that GRI is seen as contributing to value creation and to legitimacy and reputational concerns. After 15 years of GRI as a means of disseminating social and sustainability information, GRI has become an important data source for CSR research. By providing results from the whole set of organizations adhering to GRI in the period 1999–2013, the paper contributes to the literature on CSR disclosure as well as builds on the institutional and legitimacy theories.","PeriodicalId":405839,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Codes of Conduct (Topic)","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123445139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Much Energy Do Building Energy Codes Really Save? Evidence from California","authors":"A. Levinson","doi":"10.3386/w20797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w20797","url":null,"abstract":"Construction codes that regulate the energy efficiency of new buildings have been a centerpiece of US environmental policy for 40 years. California enacted the nation’s first energy building codes in 1978, and they were projected to reduce residential energy use—and associated pollution—by 80 percent. How effective have the building codes been? I take three approaches to answering that question. First, I compare current electricity use by California homes of different vintages constructed under different standards, controlling for home size, local weather, and tenant characteristics. Second, I examine how electricity in California homes varies with outdoor temperatures for buildings of different vintages. And third, I compare electricity use for buildings of different vintages in California, which has stringent building energy codes, to electricity use for buildings of different vintages in other states. All three approaches yield the same answer: there is no evidence that homes constructed since California instituted its building energy codes use less electricity today than homes built before the codes came into effect.","PeriodicalId":405839,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Codes of Conduct (Topic)","volume":"78 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123183243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}