ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Balancing Competition and Cooperation: Evidence from Transatlantic Airline Markets","authors":"V. Bilotkach, Kai Hüschelrath","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2661477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2661477","url":null,"abstract":"In the last two decades, airline alliances were not only successful in extending the size of their networks, but also received approvals by public authorities to intensify their cooperation through to merger-like revenue-sharing joint ventures (JVs). We empirically investigate the impact of the implementation of such joint ventures on both the respective airlines' competitive strategies as well as productive efficiency. Using U.S. DOT T100 International Segment data and applying airline-market fixed effects models, we find that joint ventures - compared to services with a lower degree of cooperation - lead to a 3-5 percent increase in capacity between the respective partner airlines' hub airports; however, this is done at the expense of services elsewhere in the network. Productive efficiency, as measured by load factors, is found to be 0.5-5 percent lower for joint venture routes compared to routes operated under antitrust immunity only. We use our empirical results to discuss implications for the balancing of competition and cooperation in transatlantic airline markets.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115006503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are National Courts the Addressees of the InfoSoc Three-Step Test?","authors":"R. Arnold, Eleonora Rosati","doi":"10.1093/JIPLP/JPV138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JIPLP/JPV138","url":null,"abstract":"Directive 2001/29/EC (the ‘InfoSoc Directive’) contains an exhaustive list of exceptions and limitations that Member States are free to implement into their own copyright laws (save that the exemption for temporary copies is mandatory). Article 5(5) incorporates the three-step test and mandates that exceptions and limitations shall only be applied in certain special cases that do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholder. Unlike the three-step test in international copyright law, it is uncertain whether the three-step test in the InfoSoc Directive is addressed to national courts as well as the legislatures of the Member States.Recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) has provided guidance in this respect. Although the Court has held that Article 5(5) of the InfoSoc Directive is not intended to affect the substantive content of the exceptions contained in Article 5(1), (2) and (3) thereof, and hence cannot extend their scope, and has held that, if acts fall clearly within one of those exceptions, then they satisfy Article 5(5), it has also held that those exceptions must be construed in the light of Article 5(5). More significantly, despite holding that Article 5(5) takes effect only at the time that the exceptions are applied by the Member States, the CJEU has also held that the acts of the defendant in question must satisfy the requirements of Article 5(5). As such, it appears from the CJEU’s jurisprudence that the three-step test in the InfoSoc Directive is addressed at national legislators and courts alike.The consequence of this is that, even in those Member States that have not transposed the language of the three-step test into their own legal systems, courts must determine not only whether the acts of the defendant in question are eligible for the application of a certain exception or limitation, but also whether they comply with the cumulative conditions set in the InfoSoc three-step test.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115302220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compendium on the Diagnostic Toolkit for Competitiveness","authors":"Pavlos V. Karadeloglou, K. Beņkovskis, G. Aiello, Benjamin Bluhm, Elena Bobeica, Christian. Buelens, Flavia Cavallini, Styliani Christodoulopoulou, Maarten De Clercq, Claire Giordano, A. Joseph, A. Leonte, K. Lommatzsch, Paloma López-García, G. Momchilov, C. Osbat, Lucia Országhová, Francesco Pappadà, Elvira Prades Illanes, M. Silgoner, Oļegs Tkačevs, R. Vermeulen, Julia Wörz, Francesco Zollino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2665599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2665599","url":null,"abstract":"This Compendium describes the contribution of CompNet to the improvement of the analytical framework and indicators of competitiveness. It does this by presenting a comprehensive database of novel competitiveness indicators. These are more than 80 novel indicators designed by CompNet members that capture macro, micro and cross-country dimensions, thus providing a comprehensive view of the competitive position of EU countries and their peers. A short description of each innovative indicator JEL Classification: F14, F41, F60, D24, E31","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134344088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"App-solutely Protected? The Protection of Consumers Using Mobile Apps in the European Union","authors":"Christiana N. Markou, C. Riefa","doi":"10.4337/9781783479924.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783479924.00037","url":null,"abstract":"This piece considers the protection afforded to consumers in the EU when using applications on their mobile phones. While it is argued that the law is in place to offer some protection (notably the Consumer Rights Directive and the Unfair Commercial Practice Directive) many issues surrounding its interpretation or practical application remain problematic.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123567267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Air Transport Regulation: Achievements and Future Challenges","authors":"Sveinn Vidar Gudmundsson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2621815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2621815","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes developments in European air transport regulation that has emerged through the confluence of case-law and legislation, marked by four broad areas: liberalization, safety and security, greening, and the external policy. Following the creation of a single market for air transport introduced in three packages, policy shifted to liberalizing and regulating associated services and business conduct. The early emphasis on liberalization of the internal market has shifted to other policy initiatives due to extraordinary events and societal changes. Although air safety performance in the EU is unsurpassed in the world, the Commission wanted to push the boundary even further, by establishing the European Safety Agency to oversee the European Aviation Safety Management System. Another area of emphasis was security, a major focus after the woeful events in 2001, but increasingly under scrutiny on costs and effectiveness. The next important development was greening of the industry exemplified by the inclusion of air transport in the Environmental Trading Scheme of the EU. The bid to include external flights in the trading scheme pushed EU into a controversial leadership position. Although implementation was halted to give ICAO time to seek a global solution, under its mandate from the Kyoto Protocol, a failure may bring about a fragmented regional approach spearheaded by the EU. The article finally discusses the external aviation policy of the EU that came about when the nationality clauses in air services agreements were ruled in breach of the Treaty, freeing airlines to operate extra-EU routes from any EU Member State and enabling the EC to extend EU liberalization policy to external regions, through the Common Aviation Area and the Open Aviation Area. The article concludes that in the coming decade, the EU will strive to strengthen its position as a global countervailing power, symbolized in air transport by a leadership position on environment policy and market liberalization, as exemplified in the EU’s external aviation policy.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129258216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition between Clearing Houses on the European Market","authors":"M. Cales, L. Granier, Nadège Marchand","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2046033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2046033","url":null,"abstract":"For several years, European financial markets have been the place of important mutations. These mutations have hit both stock markets themselves as well as the infrastructures including all necessary services for the transactions on financial securities. Among the market services to which the investors appeal, is the clearing of the orders, the service which allows reducing exchanged flows while guaranteeing their safety. The market of clearing became strongly competitive with the arrival of new Pan European clearing houses. Confronted with aggressive pricing policies, \"incumbent\" clearing houses have to adopt new strategies : merger, simple or mutual links of interoperability. We develop a model of industrial organization to appreciate the consequences of these various strategies in terms of price and social welfare. The strategic incentives of clearing houses and their effects on their customers, i.e. investors, are observed by means of a sequential game. We show that the interoperability agreements are never reached at the equilibrium in spite of the fact that the \"European code of good practice\" of postmarkets incites them to accept this type of agreements. On the other hand, a merger between incumbent clearing houses can occur under some conditions. The merger is beneficial to these last ones as well as to the investors, but it is unfavourable to the Pan European clearing houses.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116335206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing Shorts: An Examination of Large Short Position Disclosures","authors":"C. Jones, Adam V. Reed, W. Waller","doi":"10.1093/RFS/HHW064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/RFS/HHW064","url":null,"abstract":"By 2012, all European Union countries began requiring the disclosure of large short positions. This regime change reduced short interest, bid-ask spreads, and the informativeness of prices. After specific disclosures, short-run abnormal returns are insignificantly negative, but 90-day cumulative abnormal returns are –5.23%. We find disclosures are likely to be followed by other disclosures, especially when the initial discloser is large or centrally located, but there is no subsequent increase in short interest, and prices do not subsequently reverse. These results indicate that large short sellers are well-informed, and that disclosures are not being used to coordinate manipulative attacks.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123071850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Research on Fair Trade","authors":"Laura T. Raynolds, E. Bennett","doi":"10.4337/9781783474622.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783474622.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary fair trade research addresses a broad range of questions, draws on disparate theoretical traditions, employs diverse methodologies and is conducted by scholars of various disciplines and from different regions of the world. To capture this diversity, this Handbook brings together over 40 scholars from across the social sciences, including sociology, geography, political science, anthropology and economics, as well as the fields of business, environment and international development. While each scholar brings a distinct perspective to the study of fair trade, Handbook authors share a common commitment to linking theory with praxis. Most authors work in universities and research centers, though some are employed by government agencies or non-profit advocacy organizations. Reflecting the uneven geography of academic scholarship, most authors reside in North America and Europe, although a few are based in the global South and many work extensively in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Since several scholars typically do not publish in English, this volume provides a unique and insightful international perspective. Handbook authors pursue approaches that range from the highly theoretical to the rigorously empirical. Chapters address key macro-, meso- and micro-level questions, and their answers are informed by both qualitative and quantitative research methods (including commodity network research, content analysis, comparative case studies, formal modeling, historical narrative analysis and participatory action research) and a wide variety of data sources (such as survey responses, interviews, observations, archival documents, popular media, commissioned reports and extant scholarship). To enrich their theoretical insights and empirical relevance, Handbook authors analyze fair trade issues across numerous certified and non-certified commodities, including agro-food products like coffee, tea, cocoa, wine, sugar, flowers, fresh vegetables and honey as well as textiles and other handicrafts. The research compiled here maps the production, trade and consumption relations which characterize and link fair trade in the global North and South, grounding analysis in the experiences of key consuming countries (e.g., the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, France and Switzerland) and major producing countries in Latin America (e.g., Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Peru and Bolivia), Africa (e.g., Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, Malawi and South Africa) and Asia (e.g., India and the Philippines). This Handbook describes and evaluates fair trade’s varied dimensions and dynamics. Part I provides an overview of fair trade, beginning with this ‘Introduction to research on fair trade’ and continuing with a synopsis of fair trade’s historical and empirical parameters in Chapter 2, ‘Fair trade: Movement and markets’ by Laura Raynolds and Nicholas Greenfield. This chapter analyzes fair trade as a movement and market, focusing on the complex and contested nature of dom","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116132575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power and Accountability in the EU Financial Regulatory Architecture: Examining Inter-Agency Relations, Agency Independence and Accountability","authors":"I. Chiu","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2566187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2566187","url":null,"abstract":"Institutional reforms carried out at the EU level in the aftermath of the global financial crisis were purposed towards preserving the stability and well-functioning of financial markets in the EU. The European System of Financial Supervision was first created, followed by the Single Supervisory Mechanism supported by the Single Resolution Mechanism. The proliferation of European level regulatory and supervisory authorities has recalibrated the exercise of public authority over financial markets, and significant power has shifted from national to European level agencies.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"732 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134370546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum Quality Standards and Compulsory Labeling: More than the Sum of Its Parts","authors":"Laura Birg, Jan S. Voßwinkel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2544302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2544302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the effect of a minimum quality standard, a compulsory labeling scheme, and the combination of both instruments in a vertical differentiation model when not all quality dimensions of products can be observed byconsumers. Both a minimum quality standard on the non-observable quality dimension and a labeling scheme that informs consumers about the non-observable quality dimension have no impact on the observable quality dimension, increase prices, and have no impact on demand. The combination of a minimum standard and a labeling scheme increases prices, reduces or enhances investment in the observable quality dimension, and alters market shares depending on the minimum quality level. Compared to the case of no regulation, social welfare may decrease or increase under the minimum quality standard, the compulsory labeling scheme or the combined scheme, depending on the level of the minimum quality standard and the market size.","PeriodicalId":382921,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Regulation (European) (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129462902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}