Virology & Immunology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Rhesus Blood Group C (RH2) is Associated with Protection against SARS-Cov-2 Infections","authors":"Motswaledi Ms","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000306","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous reports showed a 40% reduction in the odds of being HIV-positive in RH2-heterozygotes. In addition, those lacking the gene were 24 times and 33 times more likely to be HIV-infected than heterozygotes or homozygotes, respectively. A four-year longitudinal study observed lower HIV viral load and slower disease progression in RH2-positive individuals. Thus, the current study sought to establish if the same phenomenon applied to SARS-CoV-2 infections. We also compared the plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid protein antibodies following full vaccination against COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Erythrocytes were phenotyped using anti-C and anti-c. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were also measured in plasma of fully vaccinated persons (Oxford Astra-Zeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinovac, and Moderna vaccines) and compared across RH2 phenotypes. Results: RH2 expression on erythrocytes (n=319) was associated with lower odds for SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR= 0.42, 95%CI: 0.22-0.80, p=0.008). The strength of the serological reaction between anti-C and erythrocytes was predictive of a COVID-19 diagnosis (Mantel-Haenszel Chi Square = 9.44, p=0.002). However, there was no difference in the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies across categories of RH2, regardless of the vaccine taken. Discussion: RH2-positivity and stronger anti-C reaction were associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2, practically duplicating previous observations regarding HIV infection. Since both pathogens are ssRNA viruses, the primary mechanism likely involves Toll-like receptors that favor a TH1 response. The TH1 polarization is also suggested by protection against infection devoid of a superior humoral response. Further investigations could potentially provide a new approach to treat or prevent both viruses and other single-stranded RNA viruses.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology & Immunology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126036632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of Immune Response Following Covid-19 Vaccination","authors":"V. Gc","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000311","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is an infectious, viral, and contagious disease in which most patients present a mild respiratory condition whose recovery is autonomous and guided by the immune system itself. Objectives: The objectives of this research were to evaluate the immune system, the vaccination doses administered to the inhabitants of the parish of El Recreo, located in the Duran Canton of the Province of Guayas (Ecuador), according to age groups and gender, the vaccination coverage and the incidence of new diseases in the population under study. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive, non-experimental, prospective, cross-sectional, field study. It was carried out during the period from November 2021 to March 2022, during the pandemic of the \"Omicron\" variant. Results: the predominant age group corresponded to the range of 50-59 years (26.83% and 42; 29.79%) for both genders. We found (90.10%) of the population vaccinated. Another group (3.31%) did not receive the biologic and (6.59%) indicated that they were reluctant to receive the product. The second dose was administered to (83.5%) people in the community, while (14.28%) indicated having received the third dose. (3.04%) became ill after receiving the first doses; (2.63%) the second doses and none of those who received the third doses. It is necessary to alert the population of the need to benefit from the application of the vaccine since it seems to confer a certain degree of protection to the inhabitants and thus, the viral spread, hospitalization and death.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology & Immunology Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126670904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of Art Therapy using Mandala for Chronic Pain of Endometriosis","authors":"Ohnishi St","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000305","url":null,"abstract":"The endometriosis is the extra-uterine existence of endometrial tissue. Usually it is in peritoneal cavity, so it bleeds in peritoneal cavity and adhered with adjacent organs. Therefore, it produces the pelvic pain and it need the medical or surgical treatment. However, the pain is not controlled completely after these treatments. Therefore, other supportive treatment is needed. Art therapy can be used for this purpose, because recently many studies were reported that the pain of endometriosis is related to stress or psychological problem. In the eleven patients who have remained pain after medical or surgical treatment for endometriosis, they were treated by art therapy as mandala therapy. After this therapy, more than 2 VAS (Visual Analog Scale) is significantly decreased in 7 of 11 patients (P<0.05) although VAS is not decreased in 4 of 11 patients. Therefore, I concluded mandala art therapy is helpful for the remained pain after medical or surgical treatment for endometriosis. However, further study is needed by the study of more big sample and long duration.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124867976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Considerations for Design of Studies Investigating Gender Differences in COVID-19 Mortality","authors":"Rastmanesh R","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000310","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121333598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glial Response to Perinatal Multi-Hit Stress: The Triggering Factor for Schizophrenia","authors":"P. I.","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000304","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder with heterogeneous causative agents. This mental disorder is accompanied by impaired cognitive and behavioral abilities, hallucination and negative phenotypes. Among many identified causative agents of Schizophrenia, early life stressors like perinatal protein malnourishment and immune infections are considered to be most efficient. Furthermore, due to the world wide prevalence of protein malnourishment and infections, an individual often encounters them simultaneously, giving rise to a multi-hit condition. In this study, Wistar female rats (3 months old) were broadly divided into control (fed with 20% protein diet) and LP (low protein, fed with 8% protein diet) groups. The F1 pups born to both control and LP females were subjected to single as well as combined exposure of Poly I:C (5mg/kg body weight) and LPS (0.3mg/kg body weight) at PND 3 and 9 respectively. The overall study consists of eight groups i.e., Control, Control+Poly I:C, Control+LPS, Control+Poly I:C+LPS, LP, LP+Poly I:C, LP+LPS and LP+Poly I:C+LPS (multi-hit). All these groups were studied for glial (astrocytes and microglia) changes at PND 12, 21 and 30 and cognitive and behavioral abnormalities at PND 30 respectively. From the overall result, it was seen that both astrocytes and microglia were severely affected mainly in the multihit group, with astrogliosis, astrocytic degeneration and loss of healthy microglial activity being prominent observations. Such cellular abnormalities were followed by severe hyperactivity and memory impairment at PND 30. While such changes were also seen in single-hit group, it was not severe. Such above mentioned abnormalities are also common in Schizophrenia and multi-hit stress was observed to trigger them the most. Thus, this study adds on to Schizophrenic research and concludes that multi-hit stress is the actual triggering factor that leads to development of Schizophrenia in affected individual.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133477764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine Strain of Measles Virus: A Tool for Cancer Therapy","authors":"Pramod Kumar Y","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000307","url":null,"abstract":"Measles virus, the causative agent of measles, possesses a latently oncotropic character. This character enables the virus to infect, syntialize and lyse the cancer cells. The live attenuated strains, specially the Edmonston strain, recognize CD46 as their receptor. CD46 is overexpressed in adenocarcinoma cells. There is a basal level of expression of CD46 in all nucleated cells. The Edmonton vaccine strain has high affinity towards CD46 receptor but the wild stain has strong affinity towards CD150/ SLAM expressed on the lymphoid cells and epithelial nectin-4. This natural property of the live attenuated vaccine strains of Measles virus is exploited for oncolytic virotherapy. In recent years, virus-mediated oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as most reassuring therapy against carcinoma. Without causing any damage to the neighbouring tissues, the oncolytic Measles virus destroys the cancer cells through self-replication. Genetically modified viruses have been generated to broaden the field of oncolytic virotherapy. Previously non-engineered strains of MeV were used for conducting oncolytic virotherapyhighlighting the need for enhancing efficacy and safety. But with the emergence of reverse genetics system, the viral genome can be manipulated to develop genetically modified strains and this has brought an improvement in the therapeutic index. In this review we will discuss how the genetically engineered MeV strains are generated for oncolytic virotherapy as well as the possible outcomes of this modern therapeutic approach. We will also discuss about MeV mediated oncolytic immunotherapy in this review.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126981953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment","authors":"S. N.","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000303","url":null,"abstract":"The most common infectious complication after first month of solid organ transplants is cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both direct such as viral syndrome, hepatitis, pneumonitis, colitis, etc. and indirect consequences such as rejection, infections by other microorganisms and graft dysfunction, are carried on by the virus. Latent infection, active infection, viral syndrome, and invasive disease are the four types of infection that can emerge due to transmission from the transplanted organ, reactivation of latent infection, or after a primary infection in seronegative individuals. Typically, this syndrome appears 30 to 90 days following transplantation. Several antiviral medications, including acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, and valganciclovir, are being used for CMV prophylaxis and therapy. Furthermore, these antiviral medications are toxic and have serious adverse effects, including drug resistance, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. We attempted to discuss CMV risk factors, laboratory diagnosis, prevention, treatment and therapeutic in this review study with regard to organ transplantation.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131287784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plants That Can be Used as Plant-Based Edible Vaccines; Current Situation and Recent Developments","authors":"Karakaş İsmail","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000302","url":null,"abstract":"Among the purposes of genetic engineering technology applications in plants, improving product quality, increasing resistance to harmful organisms and improving agronomic properties, the most important one is the production of drugs, hormones and vaccines for humans and animals (for example, the use of potatoes in cholera vaccines). Today, the use of plants as bioreactors to obtain recombinant proteins from plants has been further developed and accelerated thanks to the developments in plant genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology. Appearing as a concept about a decade ago, plant bioreactors are genetically modified plants whose genomes have been manipulated to incorporate and express gene sequences of a number of useful proteins from different biological sources. Plant-derived bioreactor systems offer significant advantages over techniques used for other biological-based protein production. Easy and inexpensive production from plant tissues, providing appropriate post-translational modifications for the production of recombinant viral and bacterial antigens, and showing similar biological activity to recombinant vaccines obtained in microorganisms are important reasons that encourage the use of plant tissues in vaccine production. Edible vaccines, which create an immune response in the body against a foreign pathogen that causes disease, have a working mechanism that serves as both a nutritive and a vaccine that we consume in our daily lives. In the development of edible vaccines, the gene responsible for the production of the part of the foreign pathogen that causes the disease, that is, the antigen, which provides the immune response in the body, is transferred to the plants. With this technique, antigen production is carried out in plants. For example, thanks to today's advancing technology, enough hepatitis B antigens to vaccinate all of the world's approximately 133 million live births each year can be grown on a field of approximately two hundred hectares. In addition to these, edible vaccine technology also makes edible vaccines an interesting concept as secondgeneration vaccines, as they allow several antigens to approach M (microcoat) cells at the same time, by offering multicomponent vaccine proteins that are possible by crossing two plant lines.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129566983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends in Dengue Virus Infection; An Analysis of Virological, Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of Patients with Dengue Virus Infection in the Center for Clinical Management of Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Sri-Lanka","authors":"A. Janaki","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000301","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dengue is hyper-endemic with outbreaks around the country. Clinical presentation is influenced by presence of previous exposures to infection and circulating serotype. Changes in circulating serotype, frequently lead to outbreaks as well. Early identification of changes in circulating serotypes and clinical pattern is invaluable for outbreak prediction, control and efficient patient management. Objectives: Study aimed to describe demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters of dengue patients during the interepidemic period in Sri-Lanka, and to identify circulating serotypes and their association with clinical/laboratory parameters to understand future occurrence of dengue. Study design: Laboratory based cross-sectional study was conducted at National Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory, including 129 plasma samples tested positive by Dengue serotyping real-time PCR. All samples were also tested for secondary dengue. Results: Mean age was 20.8years and 41.8% belonged to 6-15years. Primary infection was noted in 56.9%.Majority had platelet <50,000/ uL, leucopenia, ALT and AST above the upper limit of the normal (38.7%, 58.1%, 55, 8% and 71.3% respectively). DENV2 was 45.7% and DENV3 was 27.1%. Severe dengue was seen in 48.1% in DENV3 cases. Majority with DENV2 had platelets < 50,000/uL (68.8%). Leucopenia (82.6%) was higher in DENV3. Primary and secondary infection for DENV2 was 43.9%&54.8%. For DENV3 primary infections (22%) were higher than secondary infections (19.4%). Conclusion: Primary non-severe dengue cases of were predominant. Principal circulating serotype was DENV2 with cocirculation of DENV3 and1.DENV2 was more frequently associated with secondary-infection, thrombocytopenia and elevated AST while DENV3 was mostly associated with primary-infection, severe dengue, leucopenia and elevated ALT.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116846505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of Dengue Virus Serotypes during the COVID 19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka","authors":"J. Abeynayake","doi":"10.23880/vij-16000299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000299","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is highly endemic in Sri Lanka with frequent epidemics. Knowledge on DENV serotype distribution will provide important information on impending epidemics. Understanding the disease burden of DENV infection during COVID-19 pandemic is highly important. Objective: To analyze the incidence of DENV infection and serotype distribution among clinically suspected patients with DENV infection during COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka. Study design: This retrospective study analyzed 1796 plasma samples from patients with clinically suspected DENV infection received at Medical Research Institute (MRI), for testing of DENV RNA, from May 2019 to April 2021. Detection of viraemia and serotypes was performed using a commercially-validated serotyping real time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic and clinical details were recruited from accompanying request forms. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi square testing. Results: Of the samples 69.2% (n=1243) became positive for DENV RNA with 55.34% (n=688) belonging to patients under 16 years and 20.99% (n=261) to patients with severe infection. The vireamic rate ranged from 31.9% to 80.12% during different quarters of the study period. DENV-2 was detected in 40.2% (n=500) followed by DENV-3(37.97%, n=472) and DENV-1(15.44%, n=192) while co-infection with two different serotypes was observed in 5.79% (n=72). DENV- 3(47.5%, n=124) and DENV-2(39.46%, n=103) exhibited high percentage of positivity among patients with severe infection. Conclusions: Incidence of Dengue virus infection in Sri Lanka showed a noticeable decrease during study period. DENV-2 and DENV-3 exhibited dominance with re-emergence of DENV-1 and co- infection with multiple serotypes. DENV-2 and DENV-3 were detected with severe infection predominantly.","PeriodicalId":334586,"journal":{"name":"Virology &amp; Immunology Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132822851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}