{"title":"Doctrinal Contest II","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter continues the study of the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo by turning to the central topic of rent. Ricardo’s treatment of rent in his Principles developed the account that he had earlier established in his Essay on Profits by combining it with his theory of value. So armed, Ricardo could intensify his attack on the landlord class as parasitic on the nation’s wealth. At the same time, Smith and Malthus were subjected to doctrinal correction. Malthus’s reply drew on the formidable resources of natural theology to portray rent as a dispensation from God, while he simultaneously characterized Ricardo as a reckless theorist whose doctrines could endanger political harmony. Once again, what at first sight appears to have been a dry doctrinal contest was in fact an intensely political and ethical confrontation.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127628518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to Part II","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This Introduction indicates the aim of the two chapters that follow: to illustrate how parliamentary debate provided political economy with its topics of discussion and forms of argument. The particular case studies are the Bullion Controversy and the Corn Laws debate. The first controversy concerned the role of the Bank of England in raising prices through an excessive note issue, and this question came to be examined by writers such as Malthus and Ricardo at an abstract level. But this style of argument was rejected as inappropriate for guiding the deliberations of Parliament in 1810–1811. In relation to the second case, the Corn Laws, c. 1813–1815, the question of whether or not the trade in corn should be free was treated in Parliament as a question requiring casuistical adjudication, a style of argument that Malthus and Ricardo were evidently obliged to adopt, along with other participants. Both topics have traditionally been studied as key moments in the development of economic theory, yet the account developed here suggests that we have typically misread the texts by placing them in unhistorical contexts.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128044678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to Part III","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This Introduction indicates the aim of the next three chapters: to study the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo in historical terms. This is a challenge since the temptation is to treat the articulation of correct doctrine as the natural form for economic knowledge. Yet it is crucial to note that doctrinal elaboration was pioneered by Malthus and Ricardo, such that this development needs to be registered as a historical event. This is achieved by studying doctrinal claims alongside the appraisive vocabularies that Malthus and Ricardo used, which reveals that the vocabulary of theory and practice was once again at the centre of the contest. In particular, Malthus used this vocabulary to impugn Ricardo’s reasoning as dangerous because it neglected the needs of legislators and because it seemed to be the product of an undisciplined mind.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128629173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Doctrinal Contest III","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter completes the study of doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo by considering their rival treatments of profits. Ricardo’s account gave a central role to his idea of the ‘natural wage’, in which he adapted Malthus’s arguments on population for his own purposes. Ricardo also completed his destruction of Smith’s arguments regarding capital allocation and the quasi-providential properties of the system of natural liberty, as expressed in Smith’s overly quoted notion of an ‘invisible hand’. Ricardo’s uncomprehending reading of Wealth of Nations combined with his doctrinal correction of Smith appears, in hindsight, to have been a toxic reception context for Smith’s work. Malthus responded to Ricardo’s account of profits by claiming to have bested him both theoretically and practically by keeping his analysis open to all causal factors and by being able to account for the relevant facts of Britain’s commercial history. Once again, Malthus targeted the hastiness of Ricardo the theorist in attempting to simplify what could not be simplified. In his response, Ricardo had few rhetorical resources with which to defend the legitimacy of abstract theory.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114726659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Vocabulary of Theory and Practice in the Bullion Controversy, 1797–1811","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uses the Bullion Controversy to test the hypothesis articulated at the close of the previous chapter—that Malthus and Ricardo did not use the notions of method and model in their work but rather tended to think in terms of theory and practice. The debate over the Bank of England does indeed represent confirming evidence for Malthus’s and Ricardo’s use of the vocabulary of theory and practice. Moreover, the episode shows that Ricardo was porous to his argumentative context, deploying Ancient Constitution style rhetoric to legitimize his attacks on an august Whig institution. For his part, Malthus also used this vocabulary while registering some doubts over Ricardo’s intellectual performance as a theorist, a title to which Malthus also laid claim.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"46 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124934992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Doctrinal Contest I","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo regarding value. Ricardo’s notoriously challenging treatment of value in relation to quantities of labour allowed him to recast political economy around this problem and construe his predecessors and rivals—including Smith and Malthus—as doctrinally flawed. In this account of the science, correct theory concerning value was its keystone. Malthus responded to Ricardo by both denying the veracity of his doctrinal claims and by impugning the style of reasoning that had led Ricardo to take this view of the subject. Malthus also sought to deny Ricardo access to the authority of Smith by portraying the two thinkers as pursuing divergent systems. The key point that emerges from this contest is the doctrinal and unhistorical reading of Smith’s Wealth of Nations that Malthus and Ricardo established, a fate from which it has barely escaped today.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122634658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Debate over Theory Before Malthus and Ricardo","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter establishes a new context for reading the political economy of Malthus and Ricardo. It is the extended debate over the role of theory and practice in politics and political reform, a contest that Edmund Burke launched by publishing his hostile response to the French Revolution, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). In attempting to defend theory, both Mackintosh and Stewart engaged in sophisticated rhetoric that attempted to portray Burke’s veneration of custom and usage as philosophically naïve at the same time as they insisted on the necessity of theory for a science of politics. It is in these defensive postures that both Mackintosh and Stewart came to articulate the idea of a ‘theorist’ of politics.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124085544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Corn Laws and the Casuistry of Free Trade, 1813–1815","authors":"Ryan Walter","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Corn Laws debate from 1813 to 1815, focusing on the contributions of Malthus, Ricardo, and Robert Torrens. This episode has traditionally been studied as a moment of conceptual progress for political economy, above all through the emergence of the concepts of diminishing returns and comparative advantage. The account here produces different results by returning the texts of Malthus, Ricardo, and Torrens to their historical context, which is shown to be one where casuistical argument was deployed to counsel Parliament on how to resolve a policy question. In particular, the issue was whether or not Parliament ought to diverge from the principle of free trade in the pursuit of other principles of statecraft, the stability and security of the food supply preeminently. Once the texts are read as instances of casuistry, Ricardo’s famed theoretical brilliance instead appears as clumsiness and detachment from the needs of Parliament.","PeriodicalId":254139,"journal":{"name":"Before Method and Models","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116556165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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