Business History eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Social Co-Operatives: When Social Enterprises Meet the Co-Operative Tradition","authors":"J. Defourny, M. Nyssens","doi":"10.5947/JEOD.2013.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5947/JEOD.2013.008","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of social co-operatives cannot be understood without a more detailed analysis of the worldwide fast-growing interest toward social enterprise and social entrepreneurship since the mid-1990s. Much more than US-based schools of thought, a major European conception of social enterprise actually fits the co-operative tradition, and even more precisely, the “world standards of social cooperatives” as formulated by the Organization of Industrial, Artisanal and Service Producers’ Co-operatives (CICOPA). Placing social co-operatives in a longer historical perspective shows that new waves and/or new types of co-operatives generally emerge in times of deep transformations of the whole economic system when some basic conditions are met.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MIT's Rise to Prominence: Outline of a Collective Biography","authors":"A. Svorenčík","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2373231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2373231","url":null,"abstract":"The core question of MIT Economics Department’s history – why has MIT economics risen to prominence so quickly – requires an approach to history of economics that focuses on the role of the networks within which economists operate, their ideas diffuse, and gain scientific credit. By reconstructing the network of MIT economics Ph.Ds. and their advisors, this paper furnishes not just evidence of how MIT rose to prominence as documented by the numerous ties of Nobel Laureates, Clark Medalists, elected officials of the AEA or the Council of Economic Advisors to the MIT network. The MIT Economics Department is also revealed as a community of self-replicating economists who are to a large extent trained by a few key advisers who were mostly trained at MIT as well. MIT exhibits a large share of graduates who remain in American academia that is disproportionate to the number of graduates it has produced. It is hypothesized that this has been an important factor in MIT’s rise to prominence. On a methodological level this paper introduces prosopography or collective biography, a well-established historiographic method, to the field of history of economics.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129840925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vínculos Interregionales En La Economía Colombiana Del Siglo Xix: Empresariado Del Caribe En El Interior Del País (Interregional Links in Colombian Economy during the 19th Century: Caribbean Entrepreneurship in the Inland)","authors":"J. Mejia","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2302091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2302091","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes, through case study, the activity of the Colombian Caribbean entrepreneurs in the inland country during the 19th century. It discusses the business of Amador family, Juan Bautista Mainero and Fergusson Noguera family. The aim is to highlight the importance of studying the interregional phenomena, evidencing the existence of national spheres for large business in the 19th century. Thus, it provides elements for a better understanding of the historical process of Colombian economic integration.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115624105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Co-Operatives during the Current Recession; Theorizing Comparative Advantage","authors":"J. Birchall","doi":"10.5947/JEOD.2013.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5947/JEOD.2013.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper asks how effective are co-operatives at surviving economic recession, and whether they can grow at the expense of investor-owned businesses and provide an alternative business model that is fairer, more stable and less risky. The paper begins by providing historical evidence concerning the resilience of co-operatives during economic crises. Then, taking a ‘member-owned business’ approach, it analyses the comparative advantages and disadvantages of co-ops along three dimensions: ownership, control and benefit. It broadens this out to consider advantages to the wider society, and theorises comparative advantages of other business types. It concludes by asking what it would take for the co-operative potential to be realized.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129545704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SCC","authors":"Dan Engstrom, Cornel Marian","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_301486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_301486","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127665313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of GE's Product Innovation Strategy","authors":"H. Downie, A. McMurray","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2178230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2178230","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation is a driver for sustainable growth (Hamel et al, 2008). Innovation factors such as capital investment and increased efficiency are considered to be responsible for almost 75 per cent of the USA’s post-WW II growth rate (Rai & Doms, 2010). Despite the fact that innovation has been a key-factor in generating results and outcomes, the innovative activity itself has not always been understood in a planned way (Marins, 2012). The complexity of the process is not well understood (Delmar et al,. 2003) and the conceptual thinking is at times limited (McMurray & Dorai, 2003). Current innovation research is fragmented, poorly grounded theoretically and not fully tested in all areas (Crossan & Apaydin, 2010). The purpose of this study was to develop new insight and understanding on the evolution of the innovation strategy in GE, a global organization. Utilizing documentary analysis to consolidate the academic innovation literature together with GE’s 1892 to 2011 industry reports, the study consolidates the two literatures and develops a chronological timeline identifying GE’s product innovation strategies. This extensive chronology, spanning across 120 years, provides valuable insights into the sustained growth, wealth creation and global competitive positioning of GE through its innovation strategy. The findings in this translational study hold significance in academic and industry contexts as they contribute to the body of theoretical and practical knowledge regarding the evolution of innovation strategies in large global organizations. To date, there is no current literature documenting the evolution of innovation strategy building for success within large global organizations. Thus the practical and theoretical significance generated in this pioneering study are confirmed through real life examples of successful innovation strategies which may be used by academics and industry practitioners in their teachings, learnings and practices.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134262876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The High-Wire Balancing Act of Merger Control under China’s Anti-Monopoly Law","authors":"Y. Chin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2120280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2120280","url":null,"abstract":"Since August 2008, when China’s Anti-Monopoly Law became effective, its Ministry of Commerce has reviewed over 450 notified transactions and issued over a dozen decisions. These decisions, plus the unconditional clearance of several transactions, reveal MOFCOM’s rapidly growing sophistication in analyzing the competition implications of transactions and overall mainstream approach to merger analysis, as well as its continued delicate balancing of competition factors with other considerations. The decisions may also reflect the natural conservatism when acting in what is for China still fairly uncharted territory. They may indicate one approach for a developing competition law regime to establish a body of precedents within the global mainstream while accommodating specific domestic circumstances. A close review of MOFCOM’s decisions leads to a conclusion that there remains a risk that the AML merger control process will be politicized and trumped by industrial policy and nationalism. It seems also clear that any accommodation of industrial policy or nationalism is made with a care to minimize distortion of the development of competition law in China. MOFCOM is deftly developing a public record that will support development of AML enforcement generally within mainstream competition law internationally, while addressing in ways primarily off-the-record non-competition domestic concerns. The decisions may reflect the fact that the AML expressly requires consideration of non-competition factors such as China’s national economic development. Those published decisions that differed significantly from that of other major competition law jurisdictions are noteworthy in generally imposing conditions where other authorities imposed none or fewer, in the nature of the conditions imposed, and in the possible motivations for the outcomes. This paper considers MOFCOM’s AML enforcement record. It summarizes the merger control regime created under the AML and its implementing regulations. It analyzes the statistics through mid-December 2011 and the published decisions through August 17, 2012. Some themes that may be discerned are discussed. First, MOFCOM has achieved flexibility in its implementation of the AML beyond that provided in the statute, especially in the time line for merger review. Second, MOFCOM’s inaction in some instances and apparent off-the-record positions in other situations can be explained as ways to accommodate nationalism and industrial policy without creating a record of competition law enforcement skewed by non-competition factors. The paper next reviews the published decisions where nationalism and industrial policy concerns may have been accommodated. The conditions imposed by MOFCOM in several cases appear explicable primarily if industrial policy was considered. Nonetheless, a complete review of the published decisions indicates that MOFCOM’s analyses reflect more a skepticism toward analyses of parties’ likely conduct post-transacti","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124171296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Darwin to the Diamond: How Baseball and Billy Beane Arrived at Moneyball","authors":"Mark Fichman, Michael Fichman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2112109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2112109","url":null,"abstract":"We apply an evolutionary framework to explain why new data analytic methods were successfully applied to baseball in the first decade of the 21st century; a phenomenon popularly characterized as Moneyball. We review work showing that managing a baseball team using the performance metric, batting average, became less effective due to competitive pressures. The variability of batting average has declined since 1900. We show how another performance metric, on base percentage, or the value of taking bases on balls (walks), became more valuable given that batting average declined in value as a potential source of competitive advantage. Walks, while always known to contribute to success in baseball, never were pursued as a source of competitive advantage. Consequently, the variability in walks has been relatively constant throughout the history of baseball, consistent with a lack of competition on this dimension. The timing of this shift in managerial attention and strategy from managing hitting performance to managing on base performance is due, in part, to the value of batting average ''running down'' or being \"competed away'' as all teams pursued the same strategy. This phenomenon, illustrates in a novel setting how performance strategies evolve over time under conditions of competition.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133044288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Tennis is a Dying Sport in the U.S.","authors":"Rotua Lumbantobing","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2102312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2102312","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on an economic approach to why tennis is a dying sport in the U.S. Three main reasons are analyzed. The first reason is the emergence of football and basketball as profitable sports in this country. The second is the nature of tennis itself that lends to its demise in an environment of sports as big business in the U.S. Lastly, tennis is mostly an individual sport and hence doesn’t create profit opportunities for colleges and/or professional leagues. Football and basketball are a major source of revenues for many universities, the NCAA, and professional leagues. Even though it is concentrated on college and professional levels, the effects reverberate all the way down to the earliest recognition of talent in a child. Sport talent is recognized at a younger age now. Children who possess talent or a skill unique to sports start to focus on a sport (or two at the most) at an early age. The nature of football and basketball as team sports necessitates an institution (usually schools) to organize, train, and coach the young athletes. This continues up to college level (at least one year for basketball). The NBA changed the minimum age for draft eligibility to 19 years old in 2005, practically forcing high school basketball players to spend at least one year in college. The second reason tennis is a dying sport in the U.S. is the nature of the sport itself. The skills that are applicable to tennis are eye-hand coordination, being able to run fast, and endurance. These skills are transferable to other sports. Eye-hand coordination is important in baseball, basketball, and golf. Athleticism is central to success in football, basketball, and pretty much any other sports. Since these kinds of skills can be recognized in a child at an early age and football and basketball are profitable sports, the result is that those youths who possess one or more of these skills are encouraged to focus on one of those sports (or, if the eye-hand coordination skill is striking, baseball or golf).The third reason is that tennis is an individual sport. Tennis players peak at a young age and they usually leave school to become professional athletes. This is the complete opposite of football and basketball, which are team sports, and hence require organization and coaching (at the very least for players to play as a team). Hence, tennis provides few, if any, opportunities for colleges or universities to profit off of it. In fact, it is one of the sport programs that incur costs but not revenues to a higher educational institution.In this paper, I provide a qualitative analysis on each of the aforementioned causes of the dying of tennis, supported by data and interviews with coaches and tennis players. I hope that this paper can contribute to the discussion on tennis as a dying sport and help explain the intricate, and sometimes unclear, relationship among sports. My hope is to also try to explain the effects of the emergence of football and basketball as bi","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130387418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Theory of Reproductive Selection: Reconciling Strategic Choice and Firm Evolution","authors":"J. Aspara, Juha-Antti Lamberg, H. Tikkanen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2092455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2092455","url":null,"abstract":"The notion that evolution is blind has somewhat hindered the integration of strategic choice to explanations of firm evolution. However, this article argues that it is mainly the Darwinian notion of survival selection that has difficulties in accommodating strategic choice. In contrast, another Darwinian notion of evolution – sexual/reproductive selection – does not pose similar difficulties. To demonstrate the commensurability of intentional, cognitively-shaped strategic choice to firm evolution under reproductive selection, we develop a set of propositions about choice processes involved in the evolution of Nokia Corporation. The propositions are grounded on an inductive, historical-longitudinal study of the firm’s evolution during 1986-1995.","PeriodicalId":245549,"journal":{"name":"Business History eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116171234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}