Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni最新文献

{"title":"The prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions","authors":"O. Kushnirenko","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.264","url":null,"abstract":"Global technological challenges facing humanity have increased the importance of understanding the prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions. The purpose of the article is the development and improvement of scientific and theoretical basics of industrial revolutions origins and consideration for their impact on the economic development for a comprehensive understanding of modern industrial and innovation transformations. In order to achieve the objective, the system analysis, induction and deduction methods are used to describe the evolution of economic thinking towards a theoretical and methodological framework; historical, logical and dialectical methods for revealing the relationship between the system of socio-economic relations and technological methods of production; and methods of summarization and classification to determine the patterns of development of industrial revolutions and the drivers that cause it. Based on the systematization of the scientific work of foreign and domestic scientists to study the prerequisites of technological transformations under the influence of industrial revolutions, the article provides a historical analysis of their occurrence. This made it possible to identify the prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions and reveal the main factors that determine the transformation of production methods. In particular, this is a combination of factors: the accumulation of knowledge and the seeking for new methods of processing raw materials at lower costs; concentration of capital; the availability of resources (human, raw-material, and financial ones), and the formation of a unified information space and an innovative institutional system. In this process, emphasis should be laid on creation of an enabling environment in which the transformation of society towards a next industrial revolution can take place. This is accomplished by a certain mechanism of technological transformations, including a set of factors, processes, stages (phases) and resources for their implementation. The following key characteristics of the industrial revolutions are identified: the reduction in the time periods between them; changing role and place of the human; and strengthening the creative and innovative activities of employees. The examination revealed that industrial revolution is not an incidental phenomenon in the development of human civilization, but a natural process conditioned by internal and external factors, and regularities of socio-economic cyclical dynamics. The emergence of the next industrial revolution is accompanied by a change in the technological order, manifested in the alternation of successive generations of devices and technologies as the material basis of human civilization. Deepening scientific approaches to substantiating the conceptual foundations of the emergence of industrial revolutions is the basis for assessing the possibilities and consequences of their impact on socio-eco","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125008638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Views of Ivan Vernadsky on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development","authors":"T. Bodnarchuk","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.182","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the process of making effective economic decisions requires reference to the history of Ukrainian economic thought. The study of intellectual heritage and innovative ideas of prominent Ukrainian economists, among whom Ivan Vernadsky occupies an important place, will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms and ways of modern economic transformation. The purpose of the article is to analyze and generalize Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual views on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development. The theoretical basis of this study is conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of foreign trade policy, in particular, protectionism and free trade. Systematic, comparative-historical, institutional-evolutionary, and historical-genetic analyses were used as the research methodology. The author considers Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual approach to foreign trade as a basis for providing the country's economic leadership in the international area. The economist’s ideas on the advantages of liberal foreign trade policy, free trade, and its mutual benefits for countries are revealed. Ivan Vernadsky was a staunch opponent of restrictive foreign trade policy, which creates obstacles to the country's competitive advantages and economic progress. Attention was paid to Ivan Vernadsky's criticism of customs protectionism. According to the scientist's point of view, protectionism leads to monopolization, price rises, technical and technological backwardness of production, destabilization of foreign trade relations, etc. At the same time, one of the scientist’s merits is the formation of an innovative approach to the interpretation of protectionism as a general economic doctrine and a realistic economic policy. Ivan Vernadsky’s vision of the basics of efficient management is generalized. He creates an original theory of economic development, which can be used for selection of effective mechanisms of modern economic policy.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125778067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of social transformations on the verge of eras (to the 90th anniversary of Tymofiy Ivanovych Dereviankin)","authors":"L. Didkivska, Valentyna Bieliaieva","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.312","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the contribution of the famous Ukrainian scientist T.I. Dereviankin in the development of historical and economic science. The main directions of his research activities and scientific achievements are characterized. The facts of the scientist’s work and scientific biography are presented. The authors provide a list of T.I. Dereviankin’s personal scientific and methodological works of 1954–2010; scientific publications that he edited; reproduction of works of prominent Ukrainian economists in 1982–2009, prepared by him; and summaries of dissertations for obtaining the scientific degree of the Candidate of Economic Sciences under his scientific advisorship in 1970–2004.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116876206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of socio-economic systems in the context of Ivan Vernadsky's creative work","authors":"Inessa Nikolenko","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.214","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the scientific views of Ivan Vernadsky on the historical development of socio-economic systems in the context of his consideration of the views of representatives of the main scientific schools of the XIX century. The subject of the study is methodological approaches to assessing the periodization of the development of socio-economic systems on the basis of historical, logical, institutional and stage analysis. The purpose of the article is to study the scientific heritage of Ivan Vernadsky on the states of economic organization of society and their formulation in the views of representatives of various scientific schools. The objectives of the article include determining stages of the historical development of socio-economic systems on the basis of system-structural and institutional-gradualist approaches. The author investigates Ivan Vernadsky's scientific approaches to the analysis of societal development in social and economic aspects in accordance with the established scientific views of that time. The scientist's emphasis is based on the conclusions on the need for a certain combination of methodological approaches of the classical school of economic science and the German historical school. In the modern sense this can be assessed as the establishment of a proto-institutional approach in the Ukrainian economic science in the study of dynamics, mechanisms of functioning and features of the development of national socio-economic systems. The author substantiates the idea of the necessity for synthetic combination in economic and theoretical analysis of classical and institutional approaches for a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of socio-economic development of national economic systems. Revealed the creative potential of Ivan Vernadsky's ideas, which had a significant impact on the development of Ukrainian economic science and received further development in the research of domestic scientists of both the 19th and 20th centuries, and has its continuation in modern scientific achievements. The article shows possible guidelines of scientific approaches to the systemic assessment of the state of development of socio-economic systems in the XXI century, as well as ways and options for stimulating national economic dynamics in the conditions of current global turbulence.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125072319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific and publishing activity of Ivan Vernadsky as a realization of his civil position","authors":"V. Feshchenko","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.167","url":null,"abstract":"Significant opportunities, a wide choice and saturation of the market with goods and services make it difficult for consumers to make decisions about buying certain goods. Companies, experiencing high competition, actively use all possible approaches and methods of marketing. Often consumers do not rely on rational factors, but on their own subconscious motivations caused by marketing incentives. Therefore, companies pay considerable attention to research into consumer behavior and tastes to bring the end consumer closer to the product, convincing him of the need for its consumption. Most domestic companies continue to use the tools of classical marketing, despite the emergence of innovative methods of promotion. Traditional marketing research yields results that can be ineffective and deviate significantly from reality, so companies are beginning to look for alternative ways to study consumer behavior. One of the modern directions of research on consumer behavior is neuromarketing, whose methods exacerbate the problem of ethics of neuroscience. The purpose of this article is to analyze the possibilities of neuromarketing tools to study consumer behavior and determine the ethical aspects of the use of neuromarketing in today's market conditions. This goal involves the following tasks: 1) to reveal the relevance of the use of neuromarketing; 2) define the concept of neuromarketing and its types; 3) compare traditional marketing research and neuromarketing; 4) define the concept of neuroethics; 5) consider the problems of neuroethics in marketing; 6) consider the role of the code of ethics on the example of the NMSBA Code of Ethics; 7) identify solutions to ethical problems of neuromarketing. It has been found that neuromarketing is a promising marketing tool because it provides new information that cannot be obtained through traditional marketing research. It uses neurobiology to identify consumers’ subconscious decision-making processes and to understand the true stimuli for their behavior. Neuromarketologists conduct research to determine consumer actions that occur under the influence of their feelings, thoughts, and subconscious processes. Therefore, neuromarketing makes it possible to increase the value of products for consumers and society, provided that it simplifies the relationship between consumers and products. Unlike traditional marketing research, neuromarketing research allows to obtain results with smaller deviations from reality due to the ability to study consumers’ subconscious processes. Brain research for medical and commercial purposes involves the need to study ethical, legal and social issues and consequences that may arise in the research process. These questions are studied by a science called neuroethics. The most common ethical problems of neuromarketing are autonomy, informed consent, consumer confidentiality, and privacy. But if you follow the rules of the code of ethics, the use of these tools can be more effective.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116202671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic and political aspects of foreign trade in the scientific legacy of Ivan Vernadsky","authors":"O. Koliadych","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.225","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a historical digression on I. Vernadsky's development of foreign trade concepts, and considers its most significant factors, in particular the economic ones (freedom, mutual benefit, measure of needs, strength of economic law) and political ones (geopolitical influence, consolidation). The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance and relevance of I. Vernadsky’s views on the economic and political aspects of foreign trade and assess the scientist's contribution to the development of conceptual foundations of foreign trade based on historical sources. The theoretical basis of the research is the multi-directional application of the concept of foreign trade and the interpretation of foreign trade policy as a tool for successful economic development. The historical and economic methods of analysis, and the problem-personified approach to the study of the history of economic ideas are used. The author applies the tools of systematic approach for the layout of the studied by I. Vernadsky tools for the government’s activities in the field of customs policy and foreign trade. It is shown that I. Vernadsky was critical of the interpretation of an objective, and equivalent exchange and put forward the idea of the urgency of its participants’ needs, emphasizing the subjective nature of any exchange operations. At the same time, the scientist condemned the violent nature of external relations and exchange. Emphasis is placed on an important place in the study of foreign trade issues by I. Vernadsky – the influence of both economic and non-economic factors, in particular the nation’s level of education the and its connection with the level of trade. Also, in the article are highlighted the attitude of I. Vernadsky to the relationship of peoples, which is determined by the ratio of the size of their foreign trade. In return, asymmetry in trade can trigger the operation of the law of counteraction, which demonstrates the scientist's position on trade wars and their inevitability in the event of violence, expansion and robbery. It is emphasized that I. Vernadsky’s liberalism and policy of free trade in the issue of foreign trade should be implemented in conditions of low taxes and tariff duties. High duties not only minimize the mutual benefit of the parties in foreign trade, but also, according to the scientist, set up producers of individual countries against each other. This leads to a foreign policy confrontation between the two countries and international tensions. I. Vernadsky’s research of foreign trade issues in the XIX century is also relevant for the beginning of the XXI century, in particular, the idea of the importance of preventing neo-protectionism, trade conflicts and wars.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115033504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Institutional aspects of economic development in the works of I.V. Vernadsky","authors":"K. Gorditsa","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.154","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study and coverage of the institutional environment formation in the scientific achievements of the famous scientist-economist of the XIX century Ivan Vernadsky. The purpose of the study is the historical and economic generalization of I. Vernadsky's views on the institutional aspects of economic activity and development. The scientist had a deep understanding of the important role that social institutions play in economic reality and the importance of their study for the completeness of economic analysis. He highly valued the work of other economists who used institutional approaches, and paid considerable attention in his work to the influence of the institutional environment and its individual components on the results of economic activity. The main attention of the article is devoted to the historical-theoretical analysis of I. Vernadsky's views on the concept of property and possession as key categories of economy and law, their economic significance and relationship with other categories of political economy, such as wealth, value, income. The author analyzes I. Vernadsky's views on the most important institutional factors of economic development, in particular economic freedom, free private property, development of knowledge, education and science, education of such moral qualities as conscience, honesty, thrift, etc., as well as the influence of national mentality on economic policy. The conclusion is that the original concept of property and possession developed by I. Vernadsky can be assessed as a significant achievement of contemporary economics, as it contains not only the postulates of classical political economy, but also elements of the subsequent institutional theory of property rights, in particular the institutional nature of ownership and property as factors that determine the borders of economic activity.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123871556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical experience and prospects of corporatization of the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant (1988–2021)","authors":"M. Ruban","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.118","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a retrospective analysis of the historical experience and problems of corporatization of the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant – a leading domestic manufacturer of industrial electric vehicles and railway rolling stock. The author traces historical circumstances of development and preconditions of diversification of production activity of the enterprise on the background of market economy in Ukraine and decrease in demand for narrowly specialized products. It was found out that during the 1990s–2000s the staff of SPA «DEVZ», having a promising research and production potential, mastered a wide range of production of mainline equipment to meet the needs of railways for innovative electric vehicles. However, due to low product quality and inefficient management system, the company is currently on the verge of bankruptcy, and its outdated design and technological improvements are not able to ensure competitiveness in the global railway market. It is proved that given the strategic importance of SE «DEVZ» for the national economy as the last profile locomotive company, its corporatization can be a real alternative to privatization, providing effective capitalization, financial and technological recovery and improving the culture of production with a state guarantee of preservation of the enterprise, as well as obtaining additional funds through the placement of securities on stock exchanges, and attracting private investment and innovation from international manufacturers. Further research on the historical aspects of the development of domestic engineering enterprises and their impact on the fleet of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» should be carried out taking into account the achievements of domestic science on the problems of structural adjustment of the economy and the use of modern strategic management tools.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123040156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of corporations in the liberal model of market economy","authors":"T. Slyvka","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.075","url":null,"abstract":"The article is concerned with studying of the history of corporations and the evolution of scientific and theoretical justification of the activities in corporate sector, the effective corporations’ structure and their importance for society and economy. The author emphasizes the importance of corporations in the economy in the context of interaction between state and market. The purpose of the article is to study the evolution of theoretical approaches to determining the place of the corporate sector in the liberal model of market economy. The methods of comparative studies and the problem-personified approach to the study of the history of economic ideas are used. Based on the historical and economic generalization of corporate sector’s activities in the twentieth century, the main stages of evolution of the importance of corporations in the economy are determined. The results of the study give a description of the main stages of formation of corporations during which their role in the economy evolved in response to changes in the economic environment. The dual nature of the influence of corporations on economy and society in a free market is determined, which consists in ensuring economic growth and accelerating technological progress as opposed to the negative effects of monopoly. It is established that the need to minimize the impact of destructive factors and strengthen the driving factors of the corporate sector contributed to changes in the relationship between state and market with the strengthening of state regulation of the economy. The results of research are important for understanding the need to create such conditions for the functioning of the corporate sector, which would ensure the most efficient use of corporate opportunities for society.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122329797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecologization of Ukraine’s economy in the conditions of global climate change","authors":"Nataliia Hakhovych","doi":"10.15407/ingedu2021.54.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.291","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main challenges of the future is the strengthening impact of environmental factors on economic development, in particular, environmental threats, climate change, waste minimization and reduction of СО2 emissions. At the present stage, achieving sustainable economic development has become an important item on the global agenda. The purpose of this article is to develop the theoretical foundations of the process of greening in the economy and substantiate practical approaches in Ukraine to overcome global climate challenges. To achieve this goal, the author used retrospective research methods, and abstract-logical, economic-statistical and systematic approaches. Based on the analysis of scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists, the article deepens the theoretical foundations of the concept of greening. In particular, it is established that this concept characterizes the improvement of environmental parameters of production through the introduction of technological, organizational and managerial innovations that increase the efficiency of natural resources, reduce man-made impact improve the quality of the environment and increase the level of environmental education and environmental culture of the population and industrial staff. The results of the study showed that in modern conditions the concept of sustainable dependence of the economy on environmental factors has been formed, which is supplemented by the problem of solving global challenges of mankind. This requires the introduction of new economic approaches to addressing the global challenges posed by climate change, among which the introduction of the principles of circular economy is important.","PeriodicalId":244406,"journal":{"name":"Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127778473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}