{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501747236-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501747236-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123398487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0007
M. Göpfert
{"title":"Drama Work","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter illustrates how the result of the gendarmes' work was often not a bureaucratic report but an informal arrangement, mostly between the disputing parties. This was, indeed, the more desirable outcome to their work, both from the gendarmes' and the civilians' perspective. However, when confronted with severe crimes, the gendarmes saw their function as establishing consensus, resolving conflicts, and thus restoring social order in the disputants' community. Here the dramaturgical skills of the gendarmes were key. Establishing a consensus meant distributing mutually compatible roles among the parties in such a way that everybody could save face and meaningful interaction was possible. In this “social drama on the stage of law,” the gendarmes used the ambivalence and possibilities of the frontier-condition not so much to invoke the state of exception—quite the contrary. While their bureaucratic work was based on the translation from le social into les textes, from life to form, in these arrangements, the gendarmes allowed for a clear separation of the two. As such, they did not connect mutually compatible forms and formats by pressing life into a bureaucratically exploitable form; but they created mutually compatible forms of sociality and morality.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121084465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0002
M. Göpfert
{"title":"A History of the Gendarmerie in Niger","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the history of the Nigerien gendarmerie. The gendarmes and their colonial predecessors—the tirailleurs, méharistes, gardes de cercle, and colonial gendarmes—have always worked in vast rural Niger, populated almost exclusively by subsistence farmers and pastoralists. Since the early twentieth century, these “strangers” have disciplined the rural population, managed the French colonial, later Nigerien national territory, spread French as the national language, established bureaucratic procedures, and imposed French colonial, then Nigerien national law. They have been advancing into a sphere they perceived as an “institutional vacuum” open to legitimate intrusion and in need of a new social order. Working between the known and the unknown, the familiar and the unfamiliar, rural police forces tried to make society legible to govern it and turn a social hieroglyph into an administratively more convenient format of numbers and texts. At the same time, they attempted to impose a normative order on what they perceive as a savage and chaotic illegitimate sphere. The gendarmes have been pushing this frontier ever since; yet it cannot be crossed—it is the bureaucratic horizon that moves with them.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130328862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Part II. PRODUCING FORM, OR BUREAUCRATIC SENSES","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123177886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116979142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501747236-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501747236-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125343003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0010
M. Göpfert
{"title":"Postscript","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This postscript studies the significance of the frontier. The frontier-space is not only the borderland between life governed by public institutions and life outside of the state's grasp; it is also the site where bureaucracy and the world it is charged with managing meet and the tension between the two becomes tangible. This tension then gives birth to a particular condition of doing and being. As such, the frontier is a project that aims to extend its reach beyond its confines. It is right here at the frontier where the prevailing moral standards become palpable, and it is right here that the value of the modern state, of bureaucracy, and of the gendarme's work must be judged. Understood as a space, a condition, and a project with particular stakes, the idea of the frontier can be of heuristic significance for the understanding of bureaucracy, the postcolonial condition, and for the project of anthropology and social theory.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122704219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0004
M. Göpfert
{"title":"The Ear","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the gendarmes' sense of hearing. Usually, the gendarmes' work began with what they heard people say, how these people told them what they had to say, how the gendarmes listened to them and tried to make sense of what they had just heard. Technically, the gendarmes were supposed to “hear” structure in what they were told; to make a distinction between civil and criminal matters, between felonies, misdemeanors, and minor offences. Their bureaucratically attuned ear, in other words, was supposed to “hear” order behind all the noise. Yet what the gendarmes' “vocational ear” was ultimately attuned to was anything but fixed and clear—among others because the gendarmes had little say in what people told them in the first place. In this frontier-condition, both the world and the senses undergo a process of mutual ordering—or attuning.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Repair Work","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvqr1bjf.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqr1bjf.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how the gendarmes consider the criminal law as profoundly unjust. The Nigerien penal code (Code Pénal) and code of criminal procedure (Code de Procédure Pénale) both originate from the colonial era and still contain largely unadapted elements of it. According to the gendarmes, these outdated and “foreign” laws were largely inappropriate for policing the life worlds of the people they confronted. From the paradigmatic and law-centered perspective, the gendarmes' arrangements appear as the discretion-led, under-enforcement of the law. The chapter then suggests a perspective that is more sensitive to those actors' views and practices and takes seriously local concepts of law enforcement, dispute settlement, and the search for justice, in this case: gyara, repair work. Seen in that light, the gendarmes repaired a law that they deemed unjust. Not its application, but the law itself was deficient. What was at stake in such instances was the nature of the law and the state itself. The gendarmes had the power to declare the state of exception and act outside the law in defense of law, but they also had the power to declare an “exception to the state.”","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126381602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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