{"title":"Part III. POLICING LIFE, OR BUREAUCRATIC DRAMA","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121462204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0001
M. Göpfert
{"title":"A Handful of Gendarmes, Two Worlds, and the Frontier Between","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a background of the gendarmerie brigade in Godiya, one of Niger's almost sixty so-called brigades territoriales, the gendarmerie's street-level units tasked primarily with criminal investigations. The particular case of the Nigerien gendarmerie sheds light on what may be in the dark but is nonetheless essential to any police and bureaucratic organization: fragile police legitimacy, the lag between les textes and le social, between official norms and human practices, bureaucratic formats and the complexity of lived life, and all of this in the context of multiple conflicting, often incompatible expectations and demands from within and without one's own organization. While enforcing the law, the gendarmes formatted stories about peoples' lives to fit the needs of the bureaucratic form. While producing arrangements, they kept these forms and lives apart, thereby allowing for mutually compatible forms of sociality and morality. The one produced separation through connection, the other connection through separation. This ambivalent coexistence of connection and separation is what this book wants to grasp with the notion of the frontier.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"417 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124188460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0005
M. Göpfert
{"title":"The Eye","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how the gendarmes' eye tries to constantly reach out into the unknown, and this reaching out ideally leads to the production of knowledge, facts, and truth. The gendarmes' eye, particularly as a device and metaphor for surveillance, is thus at the heart of the frontier as a project of reaching out, pushing forward, and moving beyond. The gendarmes in Godiya had to grapple with Niger itself, as it was still a very poor “registering machine” and knowledge apparatus. The chapter then sheds some light on what the daily exercise of state surveillance can mean in a context where the state seems to know very little about its citizens. In this context, surveillance in particular and the frontier-project in general does not so much appear like the calculated action conceived by a powerful state dispositive—a strategy—but rather as a tactical way of operating: the improvised, localized, often spontaneous and makeshift practices of “make do.” Indeed, the gendarmes often needed informants—who can be thought of as “knowledge brokers”—to locate or identify a person, to understand the context of a particular complaint and the disputants' relationship, and to know their families' previous history.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130704298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0006
M. Göpfert
{"title":"The Pen","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains that when the gendarmes had established the facts, they produced a new story—the bureaucratic narrative of the case file. These reports tell the “true story” and make the events, including those involved, legible in the truest sense. By looking closely at the writing process, the chapter shows that bureaucratic work has—beyond institutional, material, and social constraints—plenty to do with aesthetics. This acknowledgement helps fill the gap often perceived between official norms and informal practices, between legal and pragmatic reasoning. Aesthetics of form, style, and content are not mere decor on the legal or pragmatic function of documents; bureaucratic aesthetics embrace them all simultaneously. It is thus no contradiction that bureaucratic aesthetics are at once personal and impersonal, predictable and unpredictable, legal documentation and poetry; it connects people, domains, and worlds through translation while making their separation blatantly obvious. It is the aesthetic of the frontier. The chapter also looks at the procès-verbal, a document which states a breach of a law and the measures taken in response by gendarmes.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0003
M. Göpfert
{"title":"A Story of a Murder, No Traces, and Nothing to Report","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how the gendarmes in Godiya dealt with a criminal case that they had never seen before. The case was about an investigation into the murder of two little girls in Tsaga. On their first visit to Tsaga, the gendarmes had “nothing to report”; there were no traces, no witnesses, just the two dead girls' bodies. Eventually, they caught the perpetrator and they interrogated him. Contrary to interim brigade commander Chef Tahirou's initial assumption, the perpetrator was not a Nigerian organ trafficker and the murder weapon was not a machete but an axe. Ultimately, the exceptional quality of this case pushes aspects of the gendarmes' work to the fore that were central to everything they did but would certainly get lost in the description of the trivial everydayness of their usual workdays.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116429076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policing the FrontierPub Date : 2020-03-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0009
M. Göpfert
{"title":"Tragic Work","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747212.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the narrative of the frontier, of the gendarmes' being caught between les textes and le social, between bureaucratic form and lived life—in a lack of resolution. There is nothing beyond this tension, no safe space where the gendarmes can find certainty and protection; there is no bureaucratic haven. This tension is even accentuated by the different and often conflicting expectations of civilians, prosecutors, and the gendarmes' superiors. The gendarmes' mandate is ultimately unaccomplishable, their task impossible. The bureaucratic drama thus created both communitas and isolation at the same time. It created communitas among the gendarmes through their shared sense of frustration. But it also caused a sense of isolation as tragic creatures, with neither catastrophe nor catharsis in sight. Indeed, the gendarme is a bureaucratic Sisyphus: a frontier figure tasked with the impossible project of closing the frontier.","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129850664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postscript: On the Significance of the Frontier","authors":"M. Göpfert","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"106 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131361492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501747236-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501747236-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116067971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116996160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501747236-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747236-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229537,"journal":{"name":"Policing the Frontier","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115187428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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