Sains Malaysiana最新文献

{"title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Assays of Selected Plant Extracts Against Fruit Rot Fungi","authors":"Fatin Nabila Shaari, N. A. I. Mohd Zainudin","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-06","url":null,"abstract":"Post-harvest losses of crops in Malaysia is estimated at around 20%. Fungal infection is one of the primary causes of post-harvest loss in fruits. The common use of synthetic fungicide to combat fruit rot fungi poses negative impacts on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of selected plant species as a safer alternative for post-harvest treatment. Ethanolic leaf extracts of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus were tested against Fusarium oxysporum from tomato rot, Fusarium proliferatum from banana rot, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from mango rot. In vitro analysis was conducted using poisoned food bioassay and the percentage inhibitions of Fusarium oxysporum growth were 93.50% by Piper sarmentosumextract, 46.68% by Psidium guajavaextract, and 40.48% by Cymbopogon citratus extract. A test on a different fungus, Fusarium proliferatum, showed that Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratusextracts displayed percentage inhibitions of 88.78%, 36.66%, and 22.44%, respectively. In vitro test on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that Piper sarmentosum extract inhibited the fungal growth by 96.23%, while Cymbopogon citratus and Psidium guajava extract inhibited the fungal growth by 52.62% and 52.22%, respectively. The mechanism of action of these extracts appeared to be fungistatic. Piper sarmentosum was selected for further analysis by in vivo assay as it displayed the most significant anti-fungal action. The study was conducted using Piper sarmentosumleaf extract of various concentrations (25, 50, 50, and 100 mg/mL). The leaf extract displayed dose-dependent activity, with the highest reduction in disease severity observed at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The findings showed the potential use of Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract as anti-fungal agent for post-harvest treatment to minimize fruit loss. Piper sarmentosum leaf extract showed comparable inhibitory action to commercial fungicide carbendazim.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139331784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile Compounds Detected by SPME-GC-MS in Fish Viscera Extracts with Attractant Activity Against House Fly Musca Domestica from Chemometric FTIR Fingerprints","authors":"Rahmatia Garwan, H. Lioe, Tati Nurhayati, N. D. Yuliana, S. Supriyono, H. Kusumaningrum","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-10","url":null,"abstract":"Fish viscera has been locally applied as fly attractant in North Moluccas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of attractant from fish viscera extracts and to determine the indispensable active extracts with chemometric FTIR fingerprints, as well as to characterize volatile compounds of the extracts. Attractant activity against house fly Musca domesctica and FTIR spectra were analyzed for the ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts of stomach, intestines, liver, and combination of the viscera from skipjack tuna stored for 1-2 days at room temperature. SPME-GC-MS analysis was applied for active extracts to determine volatile compounds. OPLS analysis result showed that FTIR spectra were correlated with the attractant activity (R2 0.974 and Q2 0.89), and compounds with functional groups S-H, N-H, O-H, and C-O have the strong correlation. Ethanol and acetone extracts of mixed viscera from 2 days storage are the active extracts. The volatile compounds in the extract through the SPME-GC-MS analysis belong to ketone, amine, phenol, heterocyclic, aromatic aldehyde, fatty acid, fatty acid ester and sulfur compounds are reported.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective Effect of Zingiber Cassumunar Rhizome Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Activity","authors":"Nurkhasanah Mahfudh, N. Sulistyani, Novita Sari Sari, Indah Puspita Sari, Adrian Dedi, Fezah Othman, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-07","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the onset of cardiovascular diseases, and the oxidative stress caused by high level of lipids can cause liver damage. Zingiber cassumunar has been reported to contain a high antioxidant content that may provide therapeutic advantages. The present study was to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemicrats model and investigate the mechanism through its effect on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In this study, the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar was extracted using ethanol 96% (v/v) and evaporated to get the concentrated Z. cassumunar rhizome extract (ZCRE). Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was performed to determine the curcumin content in the extract. High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia model was used to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotectiveactivities of ZCRE in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control; High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (HFD); High Fat Diet and 100 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 100 mg/kgBW); High Fat Diet and 200 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 200 mg/kgBW); and High Fat Diet and 400 mg/kgBW of ZCRE (HFD + 400 mg/kgBW). The antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective potential of ZCRE were assessed through a series of analyses of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, which include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT) and glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) were assessed on the liver homogenate. Data of the study were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test for multiple comparisons. The TLC analysis showed that ZCRE contained a significant amount of Curcumin. In addition, the study has also shown that ZRCE was able to significantly lower the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, SGPT, and SGOT as compared to hyperlipidemic rats (p <0.05). Concomitantly, the activity of CAT and GSH-Px was found significantly increased (p <0.05) when compared to hyperlipidemic control, with the dose of 400 mg/kg BW being the most effective. This study showed the significant antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of ZCRE in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats, which mechanism might possibly connect to the increased antioxidant enzyme activities.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"232 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoreforming of Glycerol Catalyzed by CuO/TiO2 Supported on Hydroxyapatite","authors":"Damrong Adam Damrong Adam, Netnapid Ongsuwan Netnapid Ongsuwan, Saowapa Chotisuwan","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-19","url":null,"abstract":"Waste bovine bones can be used as a source to produce hydroxyapatite (HAp), which is a good organic adsorbent and used as a support material for metal oxide photocatalysts. In this work, HAp powders were prepared from calcination of bovine bones at 900 °C for 2 h and used as supporting material for a TiO2 photocatalyst incorporating CuO. The hexagonal HAp particles were characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 50 wt% TiO2 and 1 wt% CuO/TiO2 supported on HAp photocatalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and finally calcined at 450 °C for 4 h. The synthesized HAp and catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized catalysts was performed by photoreforming of glycerol at room temperature using 100 mL of 0.5 M glycerol solution under nitrogen atmosphere, irradiating with low-light intensity 20 W Mercury UV lamp for 7 h. The gaseous products catalyzed by the synthesized catalysts were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The maximum hydrogen gas production from photoreforming of glycerol at this condition was obtained at 513.7 mmol gcat–1 without carbon dioxide detection after catalyzing by CuO/TiO2/HAp catalyst.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Relationship Analysis of Chrysanthemum Genotypes Based on Quantitative and Qualitative Characters","authors":"Liauw Lia Sanjaya, Hanudin Hanudin, Kurniawan Budiarto Budiarto, Mawaddah Mawaddah, Indijarto Budi Rahardjo Rahardjo, Fitri Rachmawati Fitri Rachmawati, Kurniati Ridho, Herni Shintiavira, Rita Indrasti, Jefny B. Markus Rawung, Mulyono Djoko, M. Ace Suhendar, Sajimin Sajimin, Abdul Ghaffar Abdul Ghaffar, R. Bambang Heryanto R. Bambang Heryanto, Sasanti Widiarsih, Ita Dwimahyani","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-02","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic improvements through biotechnological approaches have been successfully employed in many economically important crops, including ornamentals. The gamma-ray particle bombardment has been applied in the chrysanthemum variety Puspita Nusantara and superior mutants has successfully generated without degrading its important marketable characteristics. The vegetative and reproductive performances of 47 superior mutant genotypes from Puspita Nusantara are evaluated and compared with three references varieties, i.e., Puspita Nusantara, Stangkon and Arosuko Pelangi based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The evaluation was carried out to select superior mutants with better characteristics. The results show that all chrysanthemum genotypes exhibited variations in quantitative characteristics, except in node length, the width of the widest point of inflorescence, the number of flowers per plant, and floret width. Six qualitative characters, i.e., non-glossy leaves, medium indentation depth, the existence of keel, inner and outer floret color, disc color before anther dehiscence, and disc color after anther dehiscence were similar in all genotypes. Mutant clones G6, G8, C1, KA7, G9, AG0, N9, and Q5 show preferable quantitative performances than the reference varieties. Clone W5 has comparative characteristics to Stangkon and can be further evaluated for alternative reference. The selected mutant genotypes provide better choices for farmers to plant more competitive varieties.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Strategies Post-Revocation of Licensing Exemption for Malaysia's Tailing Processing Industry","authors":"Muhammad Abdullah Rahmat, Aznan Fazli Ismail, Eli Syafiqah Aziman, Nursyamimi Diyana Rodzi, Ratna Suffhiyanni Omar, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, Tukimat Lihan","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-08","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of heavy metals and rare-earth elements from tailing residue has caused a significant impact towards the environment as well as the industrial workers as a result from the contamination caused by the processing activities. The radionclide concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil and tailing residue were found to be within the range of 0.31 - 4.97 Bqg-1 and 1.24 - 4.47 Bqg-1, 0.16 - 11.07 Bqg-1 and 1.08 - 8.56 Bqg-1, 0.22 - 1.24 and 0.18 - 1.32 Bqg-1, respectively. The radiological impack assessment findings indicated significant overexposure risks where the annual effective dose was estimated to be within the range of 0.7 – 207.6 mSvy-1 while the excess lifetime cancer risks we found to have exceeded the limit let by the local regulatory body. The correlation between study findings and the enactment of the licensing exemption order was done to identify the effects of non-regulatory compliance to the Atomic Energy Licensing Act. The study also emphasized on the remediation importance of industrial sites before implementing any form of changes towards new regulatory adherence. Hence, the study recommeneds potential remediation techniques but taking into account the operational status of each proceesing plant, degree of contation and possible future use of the contaminated site.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Study of Workers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) Regarding Safety Risk Across Demographic Factors and Active BBS Organizations: A Factorial Manova Approach","authors":"Ali Mohammad Saedi, Zaidi Isa, Siti Sarah Binti Salleh","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-20","url":null,"abstract":"Construction is a high-risk sector, and construction workers engage in several activities that may expose them to grave risks. The conduct and qualities of workers may influence their awareness of workplace health and safety. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practise (KAP) of employees regarding occupational safety in relation to individual characteristics and the interaction of the BBS programme at Malaysian construction sites. The one-way and two-way tests of multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Findings showed significant disparities in mean KAP scores across employee characteristics in relation to safety issues. Furthermore, the relationship between the BBS programme and personal characteristics was important in terms of employee safety attitudes and practises at the analysed construction sites. Enhancing safety (KAP) reduces employees' divergent perceptions of workplace health and safety while simultaneously enhancing safety behaviour.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological Impact Assessment of Natural Radionuclides and Heavy Metal Contamination in Industrial Tin-Tailing Processing Effluent","authors":"Nursyamimi Diyana Rodzi, Aznan Fazli Ismail, Muhammad Abdullah Rahmat, Eli Syafiqah Aziman, Wan Mohd Razi Idris, Tukimat Lihan","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-15","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the radiological hazard and heavy metal contamination of water effluents from Malaysian tin-tailing processing plants. Samples were collected from retention ponds in seven separate tin tailing processing plants scattered throughout the state of Perak, Malaysia. Samples were analysed for radioactivity and heavy metal concentration using Gamma-ray Spectrometry System and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, respectively. The analysis indicates that the concentration of Radium-226 (226Ra), Radium-228 (228Ra), and Potassium-40 (40K) in samples ranged from 2.4 - 34.9 Bq/l, 0.8 - 14.7 Bq/l, and 19.5 - 299.4 Bq/l, respectively. These levels surpassed the control limits (5 Bq/l and 10 Bq/l for 226Ra and 228Ra) set by the regulatory authority. The analysis of the heavy metal contamination showed that the concentration of Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) werehigher than the Maximum Concentration Level (MCL) of 0.01 and 0.015 mg/L, respectively. Further evaluation of radiological impact showed that the average Annual Effective Doses (AED) by water ingestion and AED for external exposure are 1.43±0.67 mSv/y and 1.71±0.79 mSv/y, respectively. While for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments, the value of hazard index and lifetime cancer risk is 2.1×10-10 and 1.2×10-7, respectively. These research findings suggest that effective treatment of the effluent should be implemented before discharge into the drainage system to prevent the accumulation of radionuclides and heavy metals in the environment, which may pose a risk to public health.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Wind Speed Data in Langkawi Island with Functional Relationship","authors":"Nur Ain Al-Hameefatul Jamaliyatul, Basri Badyalina, Nurkhairany Amyra Mokhtar, Adzhar Rambli, Yong Zulina Zubairi, Adilah Abdul Ghapor","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-18","url":null,"abstract":"Wind speed influenced weather predictions, aerospace operations, and maritime operations, construction projects. This research aims to examine the relationship between Pulau Langkawi wind speed data during the southwest monsoons in 2019 and 2020. To model wind speed data that follows a normal distribution. An error-in-variables model (EIVM) is utilised, which is a linear functional relationship model (LFRM). The QQ-plots will be utilised to investigate the adequacy of the model’s fit. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach is employed to estimate the parameters of the model, while the covariance is calculated using the Fisher Information matrix. As a result, it is found that the estimated values demonstrate consistency and reduced dispersion. Thus, the findings could lead to a better knowledge of wind energy prediction.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil Based Inactivated Vaccine Formulation for Furunculosis (A. salmonicida) and Protective Immune Response of Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout","authors":"Muhammad Akram Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman Muhammad Hafeez-ur-Rehman, Farzana Abbas Farzana Abbas, Imran Altaf Imran Altaf, Sidra kanwal Sidra kanwal, Kashif Ali Kashif Ali, Nabila Gulzar Nabila Gulzar, Muhammad Ajmal Muhammad Ajmal, Muhammad Asad Muhammad Asad, Javaid iqbal Javaid iqbal","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-01","url":null,"abstract":"The development and growth of the fisheries and aquaculture industries are significantly hampered by illnesses. It is critical to combat pathogenic illnesses, especially bacterial ones. Furunculosis in salmon is mostly brought on by Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow and brown trout. To control this pathogen, vaccines have been identified as a significant tool. In the present study, we have formulated an inactivated vaccine with oil as an adjuvant and estimated its efficacy. The lethal dose of ArS-Pak-19, was calculated and injected intraperitoneally to the fishes. To analyze the infection, samples of kidney, liver, spleen, and blood were collected at specific times. To estimate the immunogenicity of the vaccine, an experiment was designed. One hundred sixty fishes were distributed into 8 tanks including, six experimental groups and two control groups with its replicates, vaccines injected intraperitoneally 1.6 × 107, 1.6 × 108, and 1.6 × 109 and blood samples were taken fortnightly for 56 days to calculate the antibodies titers. After immunization these groups were challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida (ArS-Pak-19) intraperitoneally. At 7th day of post infection, it appeared in the liver, spleen, and kidney. The relative percentage of survival was estimated with control groups at 30 days after challenge. The relative percentage of survival was 80%. The IgM titers were higher at 24 days of post immunization. We also analyzed that antibodies non-specifically bound with the A-layer of Aeromonas salmonicida. The findings of this study offer evidence that vaccinations boost fishes immunity and serve as a roadmap to further vaccination initiatives.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136036595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}