{"title":"Van Winkle Words","authors":"Ralph Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Many coined words lie dormant for a time, a long time even, then – like Rip Van Winkle – re-appear when needed. Such “Van Winkle words” include serendipity, which languished for nearly two centuries after being coined by Horace Walpole in 1754, before twentieth-century developments in science and technology needed that word to describe discoveries-by-chance. Changing circumstances are the alarm clock of slumbering words, waking them up as demand for such terminology mounts: greenhouse effect, vegan, groupthink. Slangy terms such as cool, chill, hip and vibe that sound so contemporary routinely turn out to have a long historical provenance. So do muggle, hobbit, and grit. Once these terms do reappear, they are typically thought to have been coined recently. This exemplifies what linguist Arnold Zwicky calls the recency illusion, “the belief that things YOU have noticed only recently are in fact recent.”","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132487220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Literary Lingo","authors":"Ralph Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Writers who can’t come up with the right word to describe something seldom hesitate to create a new one. As a result some of our most useful terms have come from their pens and keyboards. Authors such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton lived in times when the English language was mushrooming, along with scientific and other discoveries. This invited them to fill gaps in the lexicon with words of their own creation. Charles Dickens was a prolific coiner of “Dickensisms,” some of which took their place in the vernacular (e.g., cheesiness, seediness, bodyguard, sawbones). Not just text but titles such as Psychobabble, Catch-22, The Last Hurrah, and The Rise of the Meritocracy were the source of words and phrases in common use today.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134055763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ink-Stained Word Coiners","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Neologizing journalists such as Damon Runyon, Walter Winchell, and the Alsop brothers auditioned one coinage after another, some of which became part of the national conversation (although most didn’t). Columnists such as David Brooks and Thomas Friedman insistently coin words and phrases, few of which have caught on. Inventing words seems to be an occupational hazard of writing a newspaper column. Damon Runyon and Walter Winchell invented words so prolifically that their patois became known as “Runyonese,” and “Winchellese.” Runyon and Winchell were just one of a long line of newspaper columnists whose colorful coinages and overheard slang became part of the American vernacular. Beatnik originated with San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen, southern strategy with Joseph Alsop, and bleeding heart (liberal do-gooders) with Westbrook Pegler.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125154078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prankery","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The history of word-coining is rich with cases of neologisms created as part of pranks that went on to become part of our lexicon. The surname of Washington Irving’s faux historian of New York, Diedrich Knickerbocker, inspired a nickname for New Yorkers, and, shortened, to a type of underwear: knickers. Miscegenation was the title of a hoax booklet produced by two Democrats during the 1864 election to falsely portray Abraham Lincoln as an advocate of intermarriage. Maury Maverick’s popular neologism gobbledygook was apparently a prank-coinage based on a slang term for fellatio. In some cases neologisms created as part of a strategic hoax caught on. The name of a military vehicle known as a tank grew out of an elaborate British ruse to conceal its development by calling this vehicle a “water tank.” Publishers of dictionaries sometimes included faux neologisms called mountweazels, or nihilartikels, to smoke out plagiarizers.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129672781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kiddie Lit","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Since they’re “only writing for children,” and feel little need to observe the norms of proper speech, authors such as Lewis Carroll and Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss) have a license to create wacky neologisms that their young readers like and continue to use once they grow up. Authors of books for children may not have expected their coinages to appear in dictionaries, but many have, including wimp, goop, nerd, grinch, and snark. One reason children’s authors have contributed so many words to the adult lexicon is that they have a keen awareness of the fun-hunger that characterizes readers of all ages. Words and phrases coined by Geisel / Seuss continually show up in adult discourse, including court decisions. A scholarly analysis of Dr. Seuss’s imaginative vocabulary concluded that its appeal lay not in his coined words’ usefulness but in their zaniness.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127360701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Casual Coinage","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Some terms go viral due more to enthusiasm on the part of consumers than determination by producers. Repurposed words such as Gen. Ben Butler’s contraband (referring to those who escaped enslavement), Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm, and Clayton Christensen’s disruption were introduced casually, with little anticipation of how popular – and influential – they would become. Containment was just one of 8,000 words in a 1947 article by diplomat George Kennan proposing that the Soviet Union’s expansionist ambitions be contained. Kennan hadn’t meant that word to be his article’s focus. Years later, he recalled choosing it “light-heartedly.” This casually chosen term ended up having an inordinate influence on world affairs, however. In the same sense disruption has had a major impact on management practices, paradigm and paradigm shift on scholarship (and language in general), and contraband on the course of the Civil War.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124273522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coined by Chance","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many of ways in which words are born, one seldom receives its due: happenstance. Sources of new words can be fluky. Many new words have resulted from misprints (derring do), befuddlement (decider), and mispronunciation (quark). Proust noted how many terms that French speakers took pride in pronouncing correctly resulted from “blunders made by Gaulish mouths, mispronouncing Latin and Saxon words.” Literary scholar Walter Redfern called such coinage-by-mishap blunderful. Linguists are keenly aware of the role mishaps can play in word creation. In Aspects of Language, Dwight Bolinger and Donald Sears discussed how often simple mistakes fertilize our lexicon. As in the natural world, such mistakes – typos, misspelling, mistranslation – have been a key source of evolutionary change.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116247543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Naming the Future","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Futuristic writers like H. G. Wells, Robert Heinlein and Isaac Asimov have been an unusually fruitful source of new words needed for a changing world. Authors of science fiction imagine future societies with lots of conjured elements that need names. As contemporary life catches up with their imagined versions, we continually tap neologisms that have appeared in science fiction to name new phenomena. Terms such as robot, grok, karass, countdown, space cadet, test tube baby, pod person, Stepford, Cyberspace, and many more first appeared on the pages of futuristic fiction before joining the language as a whole.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonstarters","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Most coined words die with their coiner. Failure to attract users is an occupational hazard of neologizing. In the world of neology, nonstarters are the norm. Even coined words that enjoy a brief run seldom last. Thinks of this as Sniglet syndrome (for the many cleverly coined “sniglets” that didn’t catch on). When one searches the word “coined” online, it’s striking how many neologisms that at one time looked promising have disappeared. After burning brightly for a time, they fizzled out. Like seasonal kiosks, such terms pop up, do some trade, then vanish. They prove to be pop-ups. New words rooted in current events are particularly likely to become pop-ups (e.g. the onetime “word of the year,” Y2K). Terms that are time and context-specific seldom have lasting utility. Even success coining one word doesn’t guarantee success coining another. Mencken did far better with Bible belt than with ecdysiast (stripteaser).","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131201224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disputation","authors":"R. Keyes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Those who have coined a word that others use, or think they have, are seldom shy about making that claim. Competing assertions are therefore common. Terms with multiple claims of coinage include gonzo, software, and fashionista. Since such terms typically were circulating on the street long before someone claimed authorship, their actual etymology is vague. A coinage that has never appeared in print, or can only be found in obscure publications, is particularly susceptible to assertions of authorship by more than one person. That’s why someone’s claim to have invented a word is an unreliable source of etymology. It’s common to read that X word was coined by Y person, when in fact that word was either invented by someone else, or was already being used orally at the time it appeared in print. This is one of many reasons that determining original word authorship is so problematic.","PeriodicalId":209135,"journal":{"name":"The Hidden History of Coined Words","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134173532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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