Micro and Nanosystems最新文献

{"title":"Nanocarriers as Prospective Approach in Effective Management of Acne Vulgaris","authors":"Tanya Lugani, M. Nagpal, D. S. Malik, Ameya Sharma, V. Puri, G. Dhingra","doi":"10.2174/1876402912999200917112151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402912999200917112151","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Acne is a chronic disease associated with the pilosebaceous unit and is affected by Propionibacterium\u0000acnes bacteria. Approximately 95% of people worldwide suffer from acne in their life span\u0000with a higher prevalence among teenagers (esp. boys). Conventional strategies incorporating antibiotics,\u0000steroids, hormones, etc. are recommended orally, systemically, or topically, employed for the treatment\u0000of acne but with various side effects (itching, scaling, redness, etc.) and are no more commercially accepted.\u0000The literature has been collected using various search engines google scholar, PubMed, science\u0000direct, etc. The review highlights the history of acne, its pathophysiology, developmental factors, various\u0000treatment evolutions strategies ranging from conventional to novel approach eradicating the secondary\u0000effects with enhanced efficacy and safety profile. We discussed various nanotechnological carriers\u0000(liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microsponges and other\u0000nanoscale formulations), which are formulated in the last decade for the effective treatment of acne. Patent\u0000literature and marketed formulations are included in the last sections. The encapsulation efficiency\u0000of anti-acne drugs in different nanocarriers improves the efficacy as well as minimizes the side effects\u0000of the drug. These carriers showed better bioavailability as well as better penetration effects even to the\u0000pilosebaceous unit of the skin. Tolerance can be improved by increasing the concentration of anti-acne\u0000drugs in the nano-carrier formulation. Conventional treatment strategies for acne had some limitations\u0000like scaling, itching, and inflammation which can be overcome by nano-formulations, which exhibit better\u0000efficacy. At present, various nano-technological carriers are being used potentially for the treatment\u0000of acne. These nano-formulations are also associated with some limitations like drug entrapment, stability\u0000issues, but these will be overcome in the upcoming years as long as the research is being continued\u0000in this area.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43834304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of removal of heavy metal ions from toxic aqueous solution using pani-based adsorbents","authors":"S. Mohanty, S. K. Biswal","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210126150157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210126150157","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In present time, water pollution has become a quibbling issue in current environmental engineering and protection. The important aspect of nano composite is to develop economic and bio friendly route for the synthesis of nano samples. The various methods such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, filtration, adsorption etc. for removing the metal ions from toxic water studied. Among these method adsorption technique widely used due to low cost. Basically, last years, conducting polymer based nano composites showed that application in different heavy metal ions especially Hg (II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II), As(V) etc. Among the various conducting polymer PANI plays most important role for extracting the necessary heavy metal ions. The current review mainly focuses on synthesis, adsorption and mechanism of different PANI-based adsorbents like PANI/iron oxide, PANI/ZNO, PANI/GO, and PANI/CHITOSAN etc., which extract the heavy metal ions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41621196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Composite Distributed Electrodes in Cardiographic Sensors","authors":"N. Uvarov, B. Bokhonov, A. Ulihin, A. Titkov, Yuriy M. Yukhin, D. Avdeeva, M. Yuzhakov","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210126145742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210126145742","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000An analysis of equivalent circuits used to interpret the impedance of bio-electrode for\u0000electrocardiography shows that the best description is achieved using a double-time constant model of the skin-electrode\u0000interface. However, for the measurements it is necessary to use equipment with high input impedance, which leads to the\u0000loss of information about the real change in the bio-potential.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of the study is to comprehensively investigate and select the equivalent model that are used to interpret\u0000the impedance of a composite bioelectrode with distributed parameters.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 We used theoretical and experimental research methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 It is proposed for measuring bio-potential to use Ag/AgI/Al2O3 electrodes with distributed parameters. Such\u0000electrodes are characterized by a higher contact area and their impedance is described in terms of equivalent circuits with\u0000constant phase elements (CPE). It was shown that the electrode impedance is well described over a wide frequency range\u0000by an equivalent circuit typical for distributed electrodes including two CPE elements.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 It is experimentally shown that the distributed Ag/AgI/Al2O3 electrode has at least 6 times smaller\u0000polarization contribution than a commercial Ag/AgCl cardiographic electrode. It may enable more accurate\u0000measurements of bio-potentials providing less pulse shape distortion caused by polarization of electrochemical biosensors.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46644456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron Nanoparticle Production by the Method of Electric Explosion of Wire","authors":"E. Gryaznova, A. Pustovalov","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210126144945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210126144945","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 The widespread use of the iron nanopowders connected with widely range of characteristics such\u0000as size, magnetic characteristics and high surface area and that is why in the literature are present many researches of its\u0000different applications.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The work studies the influence of the conditions of the iron wire electrical explosion on the course of the\u0000explosion process and the dispersed composition of the resulting metal nanopoweder.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Experiments on electrical explosion of iron wires were carried out in the laboratory setup with the different initial\u0000conditions of electrical explosion of the iron wire.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The influence of the initial wire electrical explosion conditions on the explosion regime, the specific energy input\u0000into the conductor, and the specific energy released in the arc stage of discharge are definitely determined. The empirical\u0000equations for calculation of the initial wire electrical explosion conditions for providing the critical explosion in the argon\u0000medium at a pressure of 2·105 Pa were defined. It has been established that for synthesis of iron nanopowders with a narrow\u0000particle size distribution, it is preferable to use modes with a high level of the energy released in the arc stage of the\u0000discharge.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 It was found that disabling the arc stage of the discharge during EEW leads to the decreasing of the average\u0000surface particle size by 50%.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42370576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation for the Negative-Bias Temperature Instability Aware CMOS Logic","authors":"Kajal, V. Sharma","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210125144339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210125144339","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Scaling of the dimensions of semiconductor device plays a very important role in the advancement\u0000of very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. There are many advantages of scaling in VLSI technology such as\u0000increment in the speed of the device and less area requirement of the device. Aggressive device scaling causes some\u0000limitations in the form of short channel effects which produce large leakage current. Large leakage current harms the\u0000characteristics of the device and affects the reliability of the device.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The most important and popular reliability issue in deep submicron (DSM) regime is negative-bias temperature\u0000instability (NBTI). NBTI effect increases the threshold voltage of p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) device\u0000over the time and affects the different characteristics of the device. As a result, circuit delay exceeds the design specification\u0000and there may be timing violations or logic failure. Different performance parameters are observed under NBTI effect for\u0000different logic gates.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 This paper presents an impact of NBTI at 22nm Berkeley short-channel IGFET model4 (BSIM4) predictive\u0000technology model (PTM) for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates. Reliability simulations are\u0000utilised to evaluate the amount of gradual damage in PMOS device due to NBTI effect.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The impact of NBTI degradation is checked for various CMOS logic gates using Mentor Graphics’s Eldo circuit\u0000simulator. Output voltage and drain current are reducing over the time under NBTI effect.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000NBTI degradation increases the threshold voltage of PMOS device over the time and affects the different\u0000characteristics of the device.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42465014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FEM analysis of Microcantilever MEMS for measuring rheological properties of blood","authors":"Diksha Sharma, N. Tripathi","doi":"10.2174/1876402912999201216114136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402912999201216114136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Microcantilever devices are widely used in biomedical because of its high sensitivity, better\u0000performance, low fabrication cost, robustness, and improved reliability over other equipment. The dynamic response of the\u0000device, in different medium i.e. air, water, gas, depends on the vibrational mode. Vibrational modes decide how effectively\u0000the cantilever is going to respond while operating in a particular medium.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In this paper, microcantilever having length 60µm, width 6µm, and thickness 1.5µm has been designed for\u0000measuring density and viscosity of blood plasma. A finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted to obtain the eigenfrequencies\u0000of the microcantilever device for different beam lengths in the ‘vacuum’ medium. The model for fluid-structure interaction\u0000has been presented and analyzed. Since the properties of blood and glycerol are analogous to each other, thus different\u0000concentrations of glycerol have been taken to deduce the rheological properties of the fluid.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The analytical results are found in close agreement with the FEA results. A comparative analysis of transverse and\u0000lateral vibrational modes is put forward to understand the behavior of the device. Also, after simulating the model, it is\u0000observed that the cantilever can measure viscosities from 0.86-3.02 centipoise.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 FEM analysis of microcantilevers vibrating in the vacuum has been presented. Resonant frequencies in the\u0000vacuum of laterally and transversally vibrating microcantilever are calculated through an eigenfrequency analysis using\u0000Comsol multiphysics software thus avoiding simulation time. A high degree of accuracy of the results is obtained. It is\u0000proved experimentally the advantages of lateral vibrations over transverse vibrations. Also, the Simulink model is proposed\u0000for measuring the rheological properties of blood. The design is capable of measuring the blood plasma viscosities range.\u0000Our study shows that FEM analysis is a suitable tool for designing and simulation of bioMEMS.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44814055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Materials based on Nanoparticle Modified Polypropylene Fibers","authors":"O. Tchaikovskaya, E. Bocharnikova, I. Lysak, T. Malinovskaya, G. Lysak, I. Plotnikova, S. Sakipova","doi":"10.2174/1876402912999201211194147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402912999201211194147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The formation and modification of the surface of polypropylene fibers provides a versatile material for a variety of applications.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This research examines the production of new materials by pneumatic spraying of a polypropylene melt jet, on the surface of which metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are prepared using the sol-gel technique and photoreduction followed by ultra-high frequency processing. We used the obtained materials to remove Bisphenol A in the photoreactor.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Based on an analysis of the obtained values of the numerical characteristics in the spray zone and the physical essence of the criteria under consideration, a mechanism for the destruction of the melt jet from the formation of a fiber-forming system is proposed. Analysis of the degradation of Bisphenol A was carried out by electron spectroscopy and fluorescence.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A composite active layer, “polymer – inorganic nanoparticles”, on the surface of polypropylene fibers has been demonstrated to create new photocatalytic materials. Bisphenol A in water was examined as a toxicant.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Based on the analysis of the obtained values of the numerical characteristics in the spray zone and the physical essence of the considered criteria, it was found that the pressure drop in the nozzle, the nozzle critical section area, and the rheological properties of the melt are dominating factors in the influence on the morphology and size of the ultra-fine fibers obtained by pneumatic spraying. It was determined that materials based on a polypropylene carrier with the largest diameter of 6.71 μm have the best sorption capacity for Bisphenol A. A decrease in the concentration of bisphenol A in water by more than two times in 30 minutes of UV irradiation in the presence of polypropylene was achieved without additional injection of oxidants.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41661224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Dual Output Comparator Based on Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistors Second Generation Current Controlled Conveyor","authors":"P. V. S. M. Krishna, Avireni Srinivasulu, R. K. Lal","doi":"10.2174/1876402912999201209211133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402912999201209211133","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Current comparators are useful in many analog circuits and communication systems. The increasing demand to integrate wearable health monitoring systems in telemedicine and biomedical applications that helps in early detection of abnormal conditions in patients, comparator is one of its core.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Wearable and implantable medical devices work primarily on signal acquisition and wireless transmission. In signal acquisition, analogue to digital converter (ADC) is the prime module. Conversion is done using the sampling process and samples are generated by comparing the input signal with the threshold level. For this purpose, comparator circuits are more preferable. This manuscript presents a novel dual output comparator design by using carbon nanotube field effect transistor second generation current controlled conveyor (CNCCCII). This CNCCCII is realized with the present day technology called carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed comparator topology is designed with 32 nm CNFET technology files with a supply voltage of ±0.9 V using Cadence Virtuoso simulator tool. The performance of the proposed design is tested using transient analysis, Montecarlo analysis, temperature sweep, and finally compared with the existing models.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed comparator has the advantage of requiring single CNCCCII with only one resistor and is preferable for monolithic IC fabrication. The proposed circuit implemented using CNFETs gives a substantial improvement in supply voltage requirement and less variation in output voltage levels over the existing technologies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47674281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing of Submicrofluidic Channels Based on Near-field Electrospinning with PEO","authors":"Jiarong Zhang, Han Wang, Zhifeng Wang, Honghui Yao, Guojie Xu, Shengyong Yan, Jun Zeng, Xiangyou Zhu, Jiannan Deng, Shaomu Zhuo, Jinghua Zeng","doi":"10.2174/1876402911666190916112452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402911666190916112452","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Microfluidic channels have been widely applied in biomedicine and microelectronics.\u0000However, the manufacturing methods of microfluidic channel devices, such as photolithography,\u0000three-dimensional printing and Melt-electrospinning direct writing (MEDW), have the problem\u0000of high cost and complex process, which still can't reach a sub-micron scale stably.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To improve the resolution of microfluidic channels, we developed a simple and flexible\u0000method to fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) submicrofluidic channels. It depends on the following\u0000steps: (1) Direct Writing Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber by Near-field Electrospinning\u0000(NFES). (2) Packaging the nanofiber with PDMS. (3) Obtaining the PDMS submicrofluidic channel\u0000by inverted mode of PEO nanofiber.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000According to the result of the experiment, nanofiber can be stably prepared under the following\u0000conditions, the electrode-to-collector distance of 3.0 mm, the voltage of 1.7 KV, the collector\u0000moving speed of 80mm/s and the mixed solutions of ethanol and deionized water (1:1). Finally, the\u0000PDMS submicrofluidic channel was manufactured by NFES and PDMS molding technique, and the\u0000diameter of the channel was 0.84±0.08 μm.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The result verified the rationality of that method. In addition, the method can be easily\u0000integrated with high resolution channels for various usages, such as microelectronics, micro electro\u0000mechanical systems, and biomedical.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1876402911666190916112452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46265894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach to Design and Implementation of 2-Input XOR Gate Using 4-Transistor","authors":"H. Maity","doi":"10.2174/1876402912666200309120205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402912666200309120205","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This paper proposed the design and implementation of a 2-input XOR gate using 4-\u0000transistor.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The XOR gate can be designed using NOT gate and 2:1 multiplexer. The NOT gate is designed\u0000using two metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors MOSFETs and an approximate\u00002:1 multiplexer. The 2:1 multiplexer is designed using two MOSFETs. So, an XOR gate can be designed\u0000using four transistors.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed work theoretically and experimentally describes the 2-input XOR gate using 4-\u0000transistor. The proposed work was verified using Xilinx (ISE Design Suite).\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45607565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}