Cell Biology and Development最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of pollen development and female reproductive structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination","authors":"Inna Udkhiawati, Solichatun Solichatun, A. Pitoyo","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v040102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Udkhiawati I, Solicahatun, Pitoyo A. 2020. Characterization of pollen development and female reproductive structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination. Cell Biol Dev 4: 17-25. Orchid is a superior commodity in ornamental plants. Enthusiasts of orchids cause the demand for varieties diversity. Orchids often get obstacles in pollination, so it is necessary to characterize the development of post-pollination pollen and female gametophyte structure. Characterization was conducted through in vitro and in vivo methods. This research aims to determine the development of pollen and female gametophyte structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume after pollination and detect the potential of in vitro pollen germination. This research was explorative. It involves methods were in vitro pollen germination and preparation of anatomy of pollen and ovule of the 1st DAP (Day After Pollination), 2nd DAP, 3rd DAP, 4th DAP, 7th DAP, 20th DAP, 30th DAP, 50th DAP, and 60th DAP. The observations included in vitro culture of pollen cultured in Brewbaker and Kwack (mBK) media using a phase-contrast microscope and observation of anatomical development of post-pollination pollen tube and ovule using a fluorescence microscope. The observed data consisted of in vivo female gametophytes and pollen development in vitro and in vivo methods. The data were analyzed descriptively. From observation of post-pollination pollen, it was known that the pollen tube started to germinate on the 2nd -3rd DAP. At the 7th DAP, all pollens had germinated and formed the pollen tube, and then the pollen tubes continued to grow closer to the ovule. Primordial ovule began to form on the 7th DAP, then continued to develop a seed on 60th DAP, and then an embryo pouch formed. The in vitro pollen germination did not show any change in pollen after 30th DAC (Day After Cultivating).","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117329932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth inhibitory effect of Conocarpus lancifolius plant aqueous extract on Fusarium oxysporum causal agent of wilt in some crops","authors":"Mawada Awad Suliman Ali Elshair, I. S. Mohamed","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v030205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Elshair MASA, Mohamed IS. 2019. Growth inhibitory effect of Conocarpus lancifolius plant aqueous extract on Fusarium oxysporum causal agent of wilt in some crops. Cell Biol Dev 3: 81-85. Fusarium oxysporum affects a wide variety of different ages tomatoes, tobacco, legumes, cucurbits, sweet potatoes, chickpea and Banana. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of Damas (Conocarpus lancifolius Engl.) plant parts (leaves, fruits, barks, and roots) aqueous extracts and fungicide Score (250 EC) on the growth of the fungus F. oxysporum, the causal agent of wilt disease in crops. Three concentrations of aqueous leaves, fruits, barks, and roots extract of C. lancifolius, each of 25, 50, and 100%, and fungicide was used in addition to control. The assessment of their inhibitory effect against the pathogen was recorded through the fungal growth. The results showed that all concentrations of the leaves, fruits, barks, and roots aqueous extracts C. lancifolius plant tested and fungicide showed significant inhibitory effect against the linear growth of F. oxysporum compared to control. Moreover, the concentration of each aqueous extract reacted differently against F. oxysporum. However, the highest concentration of the C. lancifolius extracts (100%) gave significantly higher inhibition zone percentages (75.5%, 68%, 66%, and 50%) than the untreated control. Among the C. lancifolius parts, extracts screened from the fruit (75.5) were more effective in suppressing the fungus growth than its equivalent other parts. The results showed that the antifungal activity increased with the extract concentration. The fungus F. oxysporum differs in its response to the different concentrations, but on the whole, growth inhibition increased with the concentration. The current results were considered promising and encouraging to carry out a phytochemical analysis of different parts of C. lancifolius plant using different solvents to determine the bioactive ingredient in each of these parts.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116614200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the quality and quantity of hemp fiber (Boehmeria nivea) by giving indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid","authors":"S. Rahman, Widya Mudyantini, Endang Anggarwulan","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v030104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Rahman SF, Mudyantini W, Anggarwulan E. 2019. Improving the quality and quantity of hemp fiber (Boehmeria nivea) by giving indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. Cell Biol Dev 3: 19-29. Hemp plant (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.) is an annual plant that is easy to grow and reproduce in a tropical region. Hemp fiber has a higher strength than cotton fiber, so it is not easily broken off. It provides less reduction than other fibers, the humidity of hemp fiber can achieve 12%, and hemp fiber has a smooth characteristic, long-lasting, and its glint is similar to silk. This research used complete random design (CRD) using two factors that were GA3 with 3 concentration variations (G), such as 0 ppm, 175 ppm, 200 ppm, and 3 water availability variations (A), such as 50%, 75%, and 100%. The treatments were given to the rhizome before it was planted, and the water availability was given when the shoot started to form. The measured parameters were parameters of growth and fiber quality. This research concludes that GA3 treatment influences the increase of shoot stem height, dry weight, fresh weight, and fiber pulling test (fiber’s strength), but it does not influence the change of shoot number, leaf number, and elasticity of the fiber. The water availability treatment does not influence the entire parameter. The interaction between GA3 and water availability influences hemp (B. nivea) fiber elasticity. The giving of GA3 in the concentration of 200 ppm shows the best influence on the entire parameter of growth and fiber quality observed except in fresh and dry weight. Water availability treatment in SQ 100% strongly influences fresh and dry weight; in SQ 75%, it influences the fiber's elasticity.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"101 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114173733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological responses of Centella asiatica to the herbicides of glyphosate and 2,4-D","authors":"Galih Septia Amiati, Solichatun Solichatun, Widya Mudyantini","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v030204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Amiati GS, Solichatun, Anggarwulan E. 2019. Physiological responses of Centella asiatica to the herbicides of glyphosate and 2,4-D. Cell Biol Dev 3: 69-80. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological response of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. or gotu kola to the glyphosate herbicides and 2,4-Diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors: the type of herbicide and the dose of herbicide (0 L.ha-1; 0.25 L.ha-1; 0.5 L.ha-1; 0.75 L.ha-1; 1 L.ha-1). The quantitative data obtained were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether there was an effect of the treatments and followed by the DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) at a 5% level to determine the significant difference between the treatments. The t-test determined the effectiveness of glyphosate and 2,4-D. The results showed that the glyphosate herbicide at a dose of 0.25 to 1 L/ha did not inhibit the number of leaves, dry weight, and nitrate reductase. The glyphosate dose of 0.25 to 0.75 L/ha did not inhibit the formation of gross weight, chlorophyll content, and respiration rate. The glyphosate dose of 0.25 to 0.5 L/ha did not inhibit the leaf area and carotenoid content of C. asiatica. Herbicide of 2,4-D at a dose of 0.25 to 1 L/ha did not inhibit chlorophyll, respiration rate, and nitrate reductase. The glyphosate dose of 0.25 to 0.5 L/ha did not inhibit the formation of the number of leaves, leaf area, gross weight, dry weight, and carotenoid content. The glyphosate herbicide gave a lower inhibitory effect than the herbicide of 2,4-D in terms of growth: number of leaves, leaf area, gross weight, and dry weight. Cultivation of C. asiatica is more suitable for using the glyphosate herbicide because the growth of C. asiatica generally remains good. The glyphosate herbicide at a dose of 0.25 L.ha-1 gave the highest yield on the formation of C. asiatica biomass.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126955324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of auxin and auxin inhibitor application on induction and proliferation of protocorms in immature fruit Phalaenopsis amabilis in vitro culture","authors":"Agustin Cahyaningsih, A. Pitoyo, Solichatun Solichatun","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v030201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Cahyaningsih AP, Pitoyo A, Solichatun. 2019. The effect of auxin and auxin inhibitor application on induction and proliferation of protocorms in immature fruit Phalaenopsis amabilis in vitro culture. Cell Biol Dev 3: 49-55. Auxin is a hormone that plays an important role in the ovulum development of moth orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination. Using immature fruit 60 days after pollination as explants are presumed to cause cessation of endogenous auxin distribution due to early fruit harvesting. The research was aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous auxin addition on induction and proliferation protocorm in moth orchid immature fruit explant through in vitro culture. This study used NAA (?-Naphthaleneacetic acid) as auxin in MS medium with 4 treatments: (i) control, (ii) NAA 1 ppm, (iii) NAA 5 ppm, and (iv) TIBA (2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid) 5 ppm. Observed data include explants' color change, development, anatomy after planting, and protocorm development. Morphological and anatomical data were presented descriptively, and protocorm measurement data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and followed by a DMRT test of 5% level. The results showed that the culture of immature fruit P. amabilis 60 DAP with the addition of NAA 1 and 5 ppm in immature fruit culture induced protocorm. Still, the protocorm was not able to develop further. Without adding exogenous hormone-induced protocorm formation, immature fruit culture developed some protocorm to form leaf primordia. Next, adding TIBA as auxin transport inhibitor, 5 ppm induced protocorm and developed all protocorms to form leaf primordia.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130722499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic analysis of Ximenia americana based on the cross-species DNA-DNA hybridization technique","authors":"Annastasia Ekandjo, Erold Naomand, G. Kahaka","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v020101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v020101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ekandjo A, Naomand E, Kahaka G. 2018. Genetic analysis of Ximenia americana based on DNA-DNA based on the cross-species hybridization technique. Cell Biol Dev 2: 1-7. Genetic analysis of species without the availability of complete genome arrays can be studied using the cross-species hybridization technique. The preliminary microarray studies have created DNA-DNA hybridization of X. americana to the GeneChip of Arabidopsis thaliana (ATH1). Based on the perfect-match (PM) probe signal, the probe pairs of A. thaliana that hybridized with the genomic DNA of X. americana were selected and analyzed using a cel file parser script. This selection was to generate new high-density probe mask files. The X. americana DNA-DNA hybridization data were effectively represented by this file. In addition, this study carried out gene ontology analysis of hybridization data of X. americana/A. thaliana. This gene ontology analysis showed that genes for abiotic stress response were over-expressed in respective comparison to model species of A. thaliana under natural conditions. This analysis was confirmed independently with PCR amplification of the orthologous genes using genomic DNA of X. americana, such as AT4G15910.1, SAD2, HXK1, ACC, and ERF/AP2. Due to the lack of genomic sequence data in X. americana, the primers for genomic amplification were designed using a genomic sequence of A. thaliana. The primers were designed to produce a genomic PCR product of 100 bp. Each selected gene was successfully amplified. Therefore, it gave evidence of homology within primer binding sites. However, the genomic amplification of these crucial abiotic factors in X. americana confirms the response type, which supports the adaptation of X. americana under natural conditions with stress associated (with heat and drought stress). Although transcript levels of these unique abiotic response factors could not be observed in absolute or relative terms, the study showed the inherent existence of such genes at the genomic level of X. americana. Further studies are needed to confirm that some modification of the factors of these abiotic responses or other abiotic responses within the genome of X. americana gives the key basis for its adaptation to the comparatively dry and hot climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131103543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short Communication: Optimazing culture and differentiation L6 cell, C2C12 cell and primary myoblast cells culture","authors":"R. Lesmana, H. Goenawan, V. Tarawan, I. Setiawan, A. Hidayat, U. Supratman","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v020201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v020201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Lesmana R, Goenawan H, Tarawan VM, Setiawan I, Hidayat A, Supratman U. 2018. Short Communication: Optimizing culture and differentiation of L6 cell, C2C12 cell, and primary myoblast cells culture. Cell Biol Dev 2: 51-54. Alteration in skeletal muscle function and structure could result from many chronic diseases, drug treatment, or physical activity. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle diseases or the adaptation process will be very important and beneficial. In most cases, for example, during aging, the imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes could initiate a decreased muscle mass and change its fiber structure. Unfortunately, there is no suitable animal model for study, and animal model development is time-consuming at some point. Next, it is good to study and elaborate a model on disease mechanisms, drug targets, and hormonal effects in skeletal muscle, which is not easy and tricky. Finally, the promising methods to study molecular biology properties of muscle are using in vitro systems utilizing 2 cell lines derived from mouse (C2C12 myoblast cells) and rat (L6 myoblast. Another establishment technique is using mixed and isolated single fiber primary myocytes culture.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123014636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster analysis of Dioscorea alata accessions of Purwodadi Botanic Gardens (Indonesia) collection based on morphological characteristic and SSR markers","authors":"S. Mas’udah, F. Fauziah, L. Hapsari","doi":"10.13057/CELLBIOLDEV/V030102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/CELLBIOLDEV/V030102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mas’udah S, Fauziah, Hapsari L. 2019. Cluster analysis of Dioscorea alata accessions of Purwodadi Botanic Gardens (Indonesia) collection based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers. Cell Biol Dev 3: 6-12. The morphological characteristics of D. alata accessions show a high diversity, especially the tubers with varying form, size, weight, color, and flesh. Classification and naming of D. alata accessions generally use different local names in each region, causing problems. This study aimed to classify 20 accession numbers of D. alata collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden collected from East Java based on tuber morphological characteristics and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Based on the morphological characteristic, the accessions showed high variation. However, from the seventeen characters observed, two characters were similar, and 15 others were diverse. The main morphological characteristics that contribute to the cluster are tuber skin color, tuber shape, and the color of the inner skin of the tuber. Clustering results based on DNA amplification showed different groups compared to the morphological characters cluster, although some accessions with close morphological characters were in the same molecular Group. The accession origin could not be used as the group marker. Marker E11 and A7 have the highest polymorphisms in this experiment. As conservation strategies, accessions with high-level similarity could be represented by one accession for maintenance efficiency. Conserving species until varieties level with different characters could enrich germplasm for breeding development.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"607 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132374767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical characterization of Momordica charantia (leaf and fruit) and effect of soluble extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines","authors":"A. Ansari, J. Singh, M. Aminuddin","doi":"10.13057/CELLBIOLDEV/V030101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/CELLBIOLDEV/V030101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ansari AA, Singh J, Aminuddin M. 2019. Biochemical characterization of Momordica charantia (leaf and fruit) and effect of soluble extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Cell Biol Dev 3: 1-5. Cancer is a serious worldwide problem targeted by various treatments, including traditional medicinal plants. One known medicinal plant is bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), which has been investigated for its anti-cancerous properties. This study was carried out to explore the biochemical analysis of different components of M. charantia (leaf and fruit) and the effect of alcoholic extract of M. charantia to investigate their potential effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in comparison to cisplatin, a commercial anti-cancer drug. The different components (leaf and fruit) were separated, dried, and converted to powdered form. MCF-7 (human mammary primary epithelial cancer cells) breast cancer cell line was treated with different concentrations (8 - 800 µg/mL) of the soluble extract and cisplatin (all dissolved in DMSO and diluted in the incubating medium) for 48 hours. Initial time course experiments established that maximal cell death occurred between 24-48 hours. Cell viability (cell death) was measured using an established method. The results have shown that with the MCF-7 cell line, the extract at a high concentration (800 µg/mL) was more effective in killing the cancer cells when compared to cisplatin. The present results have clearly shown that the soluble ethanol extract of M. charantia, especially at high doses, can be used effectively to treat breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125442347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical characteristics of the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) varieties and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh","authors":"P. Suhartanti, S. Handajani, N. Nandariyah","doi":"10.13057/cellbioldev/v030203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v030203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Suhartanti PD, Handajani S, Nandariyah. 2019. Physical characteristics of the seeds of soybean (Glycine max) varieties and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. Cell Biol Dev 3: 63-68. Soybean is the main raw material for making tempeh. So far, the raw material for tempeh is imported soybeans. Therefore, Indonesia needs to develop soybean varieties to overcome this. The soybean varieties are expected to be processed into tempeh with good physical and chemical properties. This study aims to determine the effect of different varieties on the physical characteristics of soybean seeds and the effect of fermentation time on the chemical characteristics of tempeh. The research design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors, namely soybean varieties (Grobogan, Argomulyo, Seulawah, Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Galunggung) and variations in fermentation time (30, 42, and 54 hours). The results showed that the difference in varieties did not affect the color of the tempeh. Different varieties affect seed weight, water absorption, and swelling power of soybeans. Soybean varieties that have the best physical characteristics (highest water absorption and swelling power) are Grobogan. Variations in fermentation time affect the chemical properties of tempeh. Longer fermentation time will increase the tempeh's water, ash, and total protein content but decrease the fat and carbohydrate content. The soybean variety with the best chemical characteristics (highest protein content) is Galunggung. The soybean seed coat is yellow and greenish-yellow, and the color of the tempeh is white. The biggest weight is the Grobogan var of 24.14 g. The largest water absorption capacity of Grobogan var is 188%. Therefore, the biggest swelling power of Grobogan var is 150%. Based on the time of fermentation, the highest water content of tempeh was found in Grobogan var (54 hours), with 67.33%. The highest ash content of tempeh was in Anjasmoro var (30 hours), with 1.97%. The highest fat content of tempeh was in Galunggung var (30 hours), with 8.89%. The highest protein content of tempeh was in the Galunggung var. (54 hours), with 25.17%. The highest carbohydrate content was in the Seulawah var (42 hours), with 11.43%.","PeriodicalId":145551,"journal":{"name":"Cell Biology and Development","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132388895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}