ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment最新文献

{"title":"Cyclicality of Hours Worked by Married Women and Spousal Insurance","authors":"Kathrin Ellieroth","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3023554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3023554","url":null,"abstract":"I document that married women's hours worked are significantly less cyclical than hours worked by married men and singles and argue that spousal insurance contributes to the low cyclicality. Analyzing volatility, transition rates, and household behavior, I show that (i) married women experience the lowest cyclical volatility; (ii) their volatility depends more on pastthan current fluctuations of business cycle indicators; (iii) married women are less likely to become unemployed or leave the labor force during recessions, but not more likely to join the laborforce; and (iv) unemployment of the husband is associated with more hours worked by the wife, particularly during recessions.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115553569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labour Market Failure, Capital Accumulation, Growth and Poverty Dynamics in Partially Formalised Economies: Why Developing Countries’ Growth Patterns are Different","authors":"Wilhelm Loewenstein, D. Bender","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3022146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3022146","url":null,"abstract":"The assumption of perfectly functioning labour markets is ubiquitous in growth theory, yet incompatible with equally ubiquitous poverty in developing countries’ informal sectors. We argue that developing countries and high-income countries differ as in the former, induced by informal sector poverty, the macroeconomic labour market fails with the result of a persisting wage differential between the well-observed formal and the unobserved informal sector. \u0000In such setting, formal sector employment growth is driven by formal sector capital accumulation, formal sector capital accumulation is free from diminishing returns and growth is endogenous. These propositions hold as long as informal sector poverty exists. Empirical testing using panel data and cross-sectional data from a stable sample of 73 developing countries provides strong support for these findings.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125252277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment Insurance as a Housing Market Stabilizer","authors":"Joanne W. Hsu, David A. Matsa, Brian T. Melzer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2185198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2185198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of unemployment insurance (UI) on the housing market. Exploiting heterogeneity in UI generosity across US states and over time, we find that UI helps the unemployed avoid mortgage default. We estimate that UI expansions during the Great Recession prevented more than 1.3 million foreclosures and insulated home values from labor market shocks. The results suggest that policies that make mortgages more affordable can reduce foreclosures even when borrowers are severely underwater. An optimal UI policy during housing downturns would weigh, among other benefits and costs, the deadweight losses avoided from preventing mortgage defaults.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122593057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Credit and the Labor Share: Evidence from U.S. States","authors":"Aslı Leblebicioğlu, Ariel Weinberger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3025116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3025116","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the role of credit markets in explaining the changes in the U.S. labor share by evaluating the effects of state-level banking deregulation, which resulted in improved access to cheaper credit. Utilizing a difference-in-differences strategy, we provide causal evidence showing labor share declined following the interstate banking deregulation. We show that the lower cost of credit, increase in the availability of credit, and greater bank competition in each state are mechanisms that led to the decline in the labor share. We use this evidence to obtain the elasticity of labor share with respect to borrowing costs, which itself is informative about the aggregate elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Finally, we focus on manufacturing and services to show that the impact of banking deregulation is particularly important in capital intensive and external finance dependent industries.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"3 4, Supplement 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116786730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Labor Market and Income Distribution in Kenya: A CGE Analysis","authors":"T. Mwangi, F. Simiyu, Lulit Mitik Beyene, Albert Onderi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3159371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3159371","url":null,"abstract":"In Kenya, there has been increased debate on the impact of minimum wage increases and pay disparities between sectors. Long-term differences in earnings across sectors and different regions (urban and rural) are reflected through higher poverty rates in rural areas, especially among wage earners. This study evaluates the effects of minimum wages on labor and its impact on growth. The study uses the single country static model, the PEP-1-1 model and the Social Accounting Matrix for Kenya for the year 2009. The key research questions are to assess the effects of minimum wages on rural or urban area labor markets, labor migration, and income distribution. To achieve this, the study simulates three scenarios: increases in minimum wages for formal workers in urban and rural areas at the same rate of 5%, different rates (10% rural and 5% urban), and a cut in the minimum wages in both regions. The findings indicate that increases in wage fuel the migration of labor from rural to urban areas, and stifles the expansion of the economy. A rise in minimum wages has an overall negative effect on incomes of rural households while benefiting urban households, which contributes to increased inequality. A fall in real minimum wages on the other hand, is supportive of output and employment growth.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125358412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bank Size and Lending Specialisation","authors":"Diana Bonfim, Qinglei Dai","doi":"10.1111/ecno.12082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12082","url":null,"abstract":"Using micro-level data on the entire population of business loans of a bank-based economy, we empirically test some of the core predictions of the SME financing literature, examining banks’ lending specializations in firm size and lending technologies. Rejecting the conventional belief that smaller banks focus more on relationship loans than do larger banks, we find that banks of different sizes dedicate similar proportions of loans to relationship lending. However, supporting the SME finance theories on the organizational advantages of small banks, we find that smaller banks provide more access to relationship loans to small firms, though such loans are usually more expensive.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120752548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Механизмы Трудоустройства Российской Молодежи (Mechanisms of Employment of Russian Youth)","authors":"E. Avraamova, Sergei Belyakov, Dmitriy Loginov, Elena Polushkina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2982340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2982340","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Цель исследования состояла в выявлении и описании основных моделей поведения молодежных групп с разным уровнем профессионального образования на современном рынке труда, а также определении факторов, способствующих формированию соответствующих моделей поведения. Все участники исследования (молодые работники, работодатели, представители служб занятости), каждый со своих позиций, характеризуют проблему молодежной занятости не столько как проблему отсутствия вакансий для молодых, сколько как проблему отсутствия качественных вакансий, предполагающих постоянную занятость, приемлемый уровень оплаты труда, социальные гарантии. В этом смысле сопоставление численности безработной (незанятой) молодежи с числом вакансий, позволяющее делать оптимистические выводы, непродуктивно с точки зрения достижения целей социальной стабильности и развития человеческого капитала. \u0000English Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify and describe the main behavioral patterns of youth groups with different levels of professional education in the modern labor market, as well as identify factors that contribute to the formation of the behavioral patterns. All participants in the study (young workers, employers, representatives of employment services), each from their positions, characterize the problem of youth employment not only as a problem of the lack of vacancies for young people, but as a problem of the lack of quality vacancies, assuming permanent employment, an acceptable salary level, social guarantees. In this sense, comparing the number of unemployed youth with the number of vacancies, which allows making optimistic conclusions, is unproductive in terms of achieving the goals of social stability and the development of human capital.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134608493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Happiness and Objective Well-Being Index (HOW-IS-IL) for Living and Working in the State of Illinois, 2016-17","authors":"L. Golden","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3044508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3044508","url":null,"abstract":"An inaugural index is introduced to measure and track the well-being and happiness of Illinois’ citizens and workers. It draws on existing indicators and the happiness and well-being research literature. Similar to other such indexes, that quantify both objective and subjective well-being indicators, it contains 8 domains, but intentionally has more emphasis on measuring both the temperature and the climate for work and labor, and associated public policies. Each of the 8 categories has 10 components, from which an average is created for a composite figure. The HOW-IS-IL features the following domains: • Economy and Material Well Being. • Labor Market Performance. • Job Quality/Working Conditions (“Decent Work”). • Work-Life Balance and Uses of Time. • Mental/Psychological/Community/Social/Political, Health. • A Meta Ranking from available composite indicators. • The final two domains are intended to capture the “Worker-Friendliness” climate of the state, including employment laws and general commitment to human capital investment. The key findings are that Illinois ranks at the median among the 50 states. It would improve both its absolute and relative quality of life and work if: • The median household experiences continued gains in income, economic and employment activity and income distribution becomes less concentrated at the top of the income scale; • The labor market delivers lower unemployment and underemployment rates and hourly earnings disparity, while continuing to create more jobs than are destroyed; • Workplace practices and policies deliver more security regarding health, retirement and paid time off; • Part time and overtime working continues to be more voluntary than involuntary in nature, along with more daily schedule flexibility and restrained time spent commuting, to curb the increasing rate of work-family conflict in the region; • K-12 and higher education investments were equitable and increased. Adopting both private and public policies that enhance health benefit coverage and political system reforms would lift workers’ well-being. Also the implementation of at least seven worker-friendly policies and protections would convert Illinois from being follower to leader in the quest for improved job quality and lift Illinois into the top half of states for living and working in the United States.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125695826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer Loan Response to Permanent Labor Income Shocks: Evidence from a Major Minimum Wage Increase","authors":"I. Guney, Y. Hacıhasanoğlu, Semih Tumen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2964160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2964160","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the impact of a substantial minimum wage increase, which became effective in January 2016, on consumer loans in Turkey. Using bank-level data and designing an original identification strategy, we ask whether the loans provided by banks with a historically high share of low-wage loan customers have increased relative to those provided by banks with a historically low share of low-wage loan customers after January 2016. Our results suggest that consumer loan flows have displayed a limited but statistically and economically meaningful increase following the minimum wage hike. This increase mostly comes from the increase in long-term general-purpose loans. Vehicle loans have also increased, while there is no change in housing loans. In the overall, the minimum wage hike has generated a moderate and transitory increase in the flow of consumer loans extended to low-wage earners in Turkey – perhaps due to delayed consumption effect. Consumption of durables, which can further increase household borrowing capacity through collateralized debt channel, has only slightly and temporarily increased. The underlying long-term trends in the stock of consumer loans have hardly changed.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124842224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms","authors":"David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson, J. Van Reenen","doi":"10.5167/UZH-143780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5167/UZH-143780","url":null,"abstract":"The fall of labor’s share of GDP in the United States and many other countries in recent decades is well documented but its causes remain uncertain. Existing empirical assessments typically rely on industry or macro data, obscuring heterogeneity among firms. In this article, we analyze micro panel data from the U.S. Economic Census since 1982 and document empirical patterns to assess a new interpretation of the fall in the labor share based on the rise of “superstar firms.” If globalization or technological changes push sales toward the most productive firms in each industry, product market concentration will rise as industries become increasingly dominated by superstar firms, which have high markups and a low labor share of value added. We empirically assess seven predictions of this hypothesis: (i) industry sales will increasingly concentrate in a small number of firms; (ii) industries where concentration rises most will have the largest declines in the labor share; (iii) the fall in the labor share will be driven largely by reallocation rather than a fall in the unweighted mean labor share across all firms; (iv) the between-firm reallocation component of the fall in the labor share will be greatest in the sectors with the largest increases in market concentration; (v) the industries that are becoming more concentrated will exhibit faster growth of productivity; (vi) the aggregate markup will rise more than the typical firm’s markup; and (vii) these patterns should be observed not only in U.S. firms but also internationally. We find support for all of these predictions.","PeriodicalId":125977,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Employment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122288779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}