The Mechanism of Heavy Metal Elements in various Biological Process and Its Deteriorate Effects on the Productivity of Different Crop Plants

Abstract

Heavy metals are highly toxic elements with density five times more to the water molecule. In animals including humans, there are different processes such as ingestion, absorption, etc through which they enter into the body. When heavy metal accumulates at a higher rate than the discharge then they become harmful for the animal. Anthropogenic activities of humans are the major cause of contamination of the environment and of medium-size cities. Burning of the fossil fuels, mining, and use of the chemical substances in the crop, etc. are the parts of anthropogenic activities that contribute pollutants in the environment. Toxic metal elements like cadmium along with the nutrients also uptake by the plant and accumulates in over time resulting in infections. The production and quality of crops and atmospheric conditions can be influence by high concentration of heavy metals. To avoid the toxic effects of heavy metals, plants developed several mechanisms due to which severe toxic elements excluded, retained inside the root, and change into the physiological tolerant forms. The contamination by the heavy metal elements is the major concern due to raising the demand for food safety. In this review, we have discussed the severe effect of heavy metal on productivity and interference of metal elements with a particular biochemical process inside the various crop plants that make unable to plant for the tolerance of high level of heavy metals present in environmental soil.