Embedding Heegaard Decompositions

Abstract

A smooth embedding of a closed $3$-manifold $M$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$ may generically be composed with projection to the fourth coordinate to determine a Morse function on $M$ and hence a Heegaard splitting $M=X\cup_\Sigma Y$.  However, starting with a Heegaard splitting, we find an obstruction coming from the geometry of the curve complex $C(\Sigma)$ to realizing a corresponding embedding $M\hookrightarrow \mathbb{R}^4$.