Differential fetal growth rates mediated by sociodemographic factors in Yucatan, Mexico: an epidemiological study

Abstract

Abstract Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be related to ethnicity. Additionally, ethnic groups experience adverse socioeconomic circumstances that increase FGR risk. However, the dearth of evidence of the interaction between socioeconomic factors and FGR highlights the need for additional research. Objective To analyze the association between socioeconomic factors and FGR in Maya and non-Maya populations in Yucatan, Mexico. Methods A total of 21,320 singleton births in 2017 in Yucatan were analyzed. The student’s t-test and the chi-square test were used to compare the means and proportions of maternal and perinatal variables between the FGR group and the birthweight appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group. Path analysis was performed to identify the direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic factors on FGR and mediators between predictors and FGR. Results The prevalence of FGR at birth was 9.06%; this rate was higher in the Maya population (12.4, 95% CI 11.3–13.5), without differences between socioeconomic levels. Path analysis revealed sociostructural variables (ethnicity and poverty) are reliable predictors of FGR at birth mediated by maternal education (β = −.152, p < .001) and teenage pregnancy (β = .065, p = .037). The proposal path model had a good fit index CFI = .968, TLI = .920, RMSEA = .046. Conclusion The prevalence of FGR was higher among Maya women than non-Maya women The socioeconomic conditions associated with FGR at birth were ethnicity, poverty, maternal education, and teenage pregnancy. Maternal education and teenage pregnancy act as mediators between sociostructural variables and FGR at birth.