Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India

T. Yadav, Akshat Sinha, D. Gosain, P. Sharma, Sambuddho Chakravarty
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引用次数: 44

Abstract

In this work we present a detailed study of the Internet censorship mechanism in India. We consolidated a list of potentially blocked websites from various public sources to assess censorship mechanisms used by nine major ISPs. To begin with, we demonstrate that existing censorship detection tools like OONI are grossly inaccurate. We thus developed various techniques and heuristics to correctly assess censorship and study the underlying mechanism used by these ISPs. At every step we corroborated our finding manually to test the efficacy of our approach, an exercise largely ignored by several others. We fortify our findings by adjudging the coverage and consistency of censorship infrastructure, broadly in terms of average number of network paths and requested domains the infrastructure censors. Our results indicate a clear disparity among the ISPs, on how they install censorship infrastructure. For instance, in Idea network we observed the censorious middleboxes in over 90% of our tested intra-AS paths, whereas for Vodafone, it is as low as 2.5%. We conclude our research by devising our own novel anti-censorship strategies, that does not depend on third party tools (like proxies, Tor and VPNs etc.). We managed to access all blocked websites in all ISPs under test.
光明在哪里:分析印度的网络审查机制
在这项工作中,我们提出了印度互联网审查机制的详细研究。我们整合了来自各种公共来源的可能被封锁的网站列表,以评估9个主要互联网服务提供商使用的审查机制。首先,我们证明了现有的审查检测工具(如OONI)是非常不准确的。因此,我们开发了各种技术和启发式方法来正确评估审查并研究这些互联网服务提供商使用的潜在机制。在每一步中,我们都手动地证实我们的发现,以测试我们的方法的有效性,这在很大程度上被其他几个人忽略了。我们通过调整审查基础设施的覆盖范围和一致性来强化我们的发现,广泛地考虑基础设施审查的网络路径和请求域的平均数量。我们的结果表明,互联网服务提供商之间在如何安装审查基础设施方面存在明显的差异。例如,在Idea网络中,我们在超过90%的测试as内部路径中观察到审查性中间盒,而在沃达丰,这一比例低至2.5%。我们通过设计我们自己的新颖反审查策略来总结我们的研究,该策略不依赖于第三方工具(如代理,Tor和vpn等)。我们成功访问了所有测试isp中所有被封锁的网站。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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