Preclinical Evaluation of Sol-gel Synthesized Modulated 45S5-Bioglass Based Biodegradable Bone Graft Intended for Alveolar Bone Regeneration

Abstract

: Reconstruction and augmentation of the alveolar bone defects pose a challenge for the dental surgeons due to its complex structure. The primary objective of tissue engineering is to regenerate or replace damaged tissues or organs includ-ing damaged bone tissues with bone grafts, cells, and biological molecules. 45S5-bioglass (45S5-BG), with its superior os-teoconductive and osteoinductive abilities, has been at the forefront of tissue engineering, alveolar bone regeneration, and periodontal regenerative surgical procedures for the past several years. With the aim of regenerating supporting alveolar bone, 45S5-BG was synthesized via sol-gel technique. 45S5-BG was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Trans mission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. In vitro bioactivity study was validated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and analysed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro cell compatibility was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimeth-ylthyazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using L929 cells. Further, in vivo alveolar bone regenerative potential of 45S5-BG bone graft was evaluated. XRD spectrum confirmed the formation of combeite crystalline phase after sintering. TEM images imparted ultra-structural features of the sample and proved the presence of a major crystalline phase embedded in a glassy matrix. In vitro bioactivity study proved the formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA) as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The in vitro MTT assay results confirmed the cell compatibility of 45S5-BG and histological anal ysis proved new bone formation. Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrated that in addition to the observed bioactive and cell compatible properties, sol-gel synthesized 45S5-BG bone graft exhibited notable alveolar bone regenerative potential.