How to Protect Staircases in Case of Fire in Mid-Rise Buildings.Real Scale Fire Tests

G. Kubicki, M. Cisek
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the analysis was to investigate how smoke would spread in the building in the case of fire, and how to protect staircases without a pressure differential system (PDS). It was assumed that a ventilation system should: – prevent the staircase against complete smokiness. The part of the staircase located below the level covered by the fire should be smoke-free to the extent allowing the evacuation of people from the fire compartments; – remove smoke from the staircase as fast as possible to prevent a significant increase in the level of pressure in the staircase. Project and methods: Research was conducted in a full-scale 9-storey building. Three real fires were simulated. Typical apartment furnishings were used in the fires. A smoke ventilation system was installed in the staircase with variable make-up air supply. Tests were carried out for the following configurations of smoke ventilation systems: – natural smoke exhaust with natural/gravitational make-up air; – natural smoke exhaust with a mechanical (fixed volume of 14000 m3/h) make-up air inlet; – natural smoke exhaust with a variable mechanical make-up air inlet. The position of the door between the staircase and the apartment was used as an additional variable. The measurements included temperature, light transmittance in the staircase, pressure difference between the staircase and the external environment, and the flow of the air and smoke through the smoke damper. Results: The results of the research show that the system of gravitational smoke ventilation is susceptible to ambient conditions such as temperature. In some tests, it was observed that smoke could descend below the storey covered by the fire. The conducted research helped determine the best way to reduce the amount of smoke in the staircase. The use of mechanical air supply in the smoke ventilation system facilitated fast smoke removal from the staircase, and the proper air and smoke flow direction (from the test room to smoke exhaust devices). The use of mechanical make-up air supply in the smoke ventilation system prevented the smoke from descending below the storey covered by the fire, so that the staircase on the floor covered by the fire could remain free from smoke in the lower part, providing a way of escape from the level covered by the fire. Conclusions: The conducted tests have revealed that the best solution to protect staircases without PDSs is to use a smoke ventilation system comprising a smoke vent mounted at the top and mechanically adjusted make-up air supply on the ground level.
中高层建筑火灾时如何保护楼梯。真实规模火灾试验
目的:分析的目的是调查在火灾情况下烟雾如何在建筑物内蔓延,以及如何保护没有压差系统(PDS)的楼梯。假设通风系统应该:-防止楼梯完全冒烟。位于火灾覆盖层以下的楼梯部分应在允许人员从防火隔间疏散的范围内无烟;-尽快清除楼梯内的烟雾,以防止楼梯内的压力大幅上升。项目和方法:研究在一个全尺寸的9层建筑中进行。模拟了三场真实的火灾。火灾中使用的是典型的公寓家具。在楼梯内安装了通风系统,并采用可变补风方式。对以下配置的排烟系统进行了测试:-使用自然/重力补充空气的自然排烟;-自然排烟,带有机械(固定体积为14000 m3/h)补充进风口;-自然排烟与可变机械补充空气入口。楼梯和公寓之间的门的位置被用作一个额外的变量。测量包括温度、楼梯内的透光率、楼梯与外部环境之间的压力差,以及通过防烟器的空气和烟雾的流动。结果:研究结果表明,重力排烟通风系统易受温度等环境条件的影响。在一些试验中,观察到烟雾可以下降到被火覆盖的楼层以下。进行的研究有助于确定减少楼梯烟雾量的最佳方法。在排烟系统中使用机械送风有助于快速从楼梯排烟,并且适当的空气和烟雾流动方向(从试验室到排烟装置)。在排烟系统中使用机械补风,防止烟雾下降到火灾覆盖的楼层以下,使火灾覆盖楼层的楼梯可以保持较低部分没有烟雾,提供了从火灾覆盖的楼层逃生的途径。结论:所进行的测试显示,保护没有pds的楼梯的最佳解决方案是使用一个排烟系统,该系统包括在顶部安装一个排烟口和在地面安装机械调节的补充空气。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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