Beyond the Malleoli: Part 2—Avulsion Fractures of the Hindfoot

Abstract

Avulsion fractures of the ankle and hindfoot are a diverse group of injuries occurring at level of retinacular, capsuloligamentous, and tendinous attachments. Accurate identification of avulsion fractures and their origins is based on understanding the relevant soft-tissue anatomy. In the first part of this two-series article, avulsion fractures at level of the ankle retinacula and distal tibiofibular syndesmosis were reviewed. The second part of this series of two articles is dedicated to reviewing the relevant anatomy, injury mechanisms, classification, nomenclature, imaging, treatment, and complications of hindfoot avulsion fractures occurring at level of the lateral ankle ligament complex (distally), posterior talar process, tendinous attachments, and miscellaneous soft-tissue attachments not otherwise specified.