Upper limbs actions in successive front crawl swimming at sprint pace

Q4 Medicine
A. Fernandes, B. Mezêncio, G. S. Pereira, Antonio J. Silva, D. Marinho, Susana Soares, J. Vilas-Boas, R. Fernandes
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Propulsive swimming mechanics mainly depends on upper limbs' actions that perform three-dimensional movements in each cycle. Considering that hydrodynamic drag is proportional to the square of velocity, technical execution of segmental displacement at maximal exertions should be effective to ensure high and stable propulsive forces per cycle. Nevertheless, human movement is characterized by constraints that imply variability of motor solutions to optimise kinematic patterns and performance (Newell, 1986). The aim of the study is to characterize upper limbs phases when swimming front crawl at maximal velocity. Thirteen high-level swimmers participated in the study (16.2 ± 0.7 years of age and 171.6 ± 6 cm of height) that took place in a 25 m indoor pool after the main competition of the macrocycle. After a standardized warm-up, swimmers performed a 25 m front crawl at maximal intensity and were recorded in the sagittal plane for 2D kinematical analyses using a double camera set-up (Go Pro 6, 120 Hz) fixed laterally and pushed on a chariot. Upper limbs cycles were divided by counting frames using Blender software, and phases (entry, downsweep, insweep, upsweep, and recovery) were identified. The first seven cycles of each swimmer were analysed, and the relative duration of each phase was obtained as a percentage of the cycle duration. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to verify differences between cycles, and ICC allowed investigating the relationship between them. The significance level was set at 5%. Figure 1 presents the relative duration of front crawl upper limbs phases (entry, downsweep, insweep, upsweep, and recovery = 18, 12, 20, 23, and 26 % respectively), being possible to observe that downsweep was the shortest even though non-propulsive phases prevailed in relation to the propulsive ones. Table 1 presents the mean values ± SD of the relative duration of seven successive upper limbs cycles. Although swimmers have presented variable relative duration of front crawl upper limbs phases, no differences were reported between cycles. Complementarily, ICC demonstrated high consistency in intraindividual performance (entry, downsweep, insweep, upsweep and recovery = 0.97, 0.90, 0.97, 0.93. 0.90, respectively). Despite the well-known decrease of non-propulsive phases at sprint pace due to the fastest hand velocity/acceleration (McCabe et al., 2011), a predominance was still observed. These results were expected since a higher increase in the relative duration of the propulsive phases could reduce the efficiency, and consequently, could be a technical mistake if its increase was not mandatory for the swimmers' high velocity. In becoming skilled, the neuromuscular system ensures that movement is performed consistently well while, at the same time, develops the ability to adapt to changing constraints. In the present study, we highlighted this statement, as a slight variability is observed between cycles. However, ANOVA and ICC showed a great consistency during the swimming, supporting that the relative duration of upper limbs phases was maintained, probably due to the swimmers' high level in response to the swimming constraints.
以冲刺速度连续爬泳时上肢的动作
推进游泳力学主要依靠上肢的动作,在每个循环中进行三维运动。考虑到水动力阻力与速度的平方成正比,最大出力时分段位移的技术执行应该是有效的,以保证每个周期的高而稳定的推进力。然而,人类运动的特点是约束,这意味着运动解决方案的可变性,以优化运动学模式和性能(Newell, 1986)。该研究的目的是表征上肢阶段时,游泳前爬泳的最大速度。13名高水平游泳运动员(年龄16.2±0.7岁,身高171.6±6 cm)在大型自行车主赛结束后的25米室内游泳池内进行了研究。在标准化的热身后,游泳者以最大强度进行25米的前爬泳,并在矢状面记录2D运动学分析,使用双摄像机设置(Go Pro 6, 120 Hz)横向固定并推在车上。使用Blender软件通过计数帧划分上肢周期,并确定阶段(进入、下扫、内扫、上扫和恢复)。对每个游泳者的前七个周期进行分析,并获得每个阶段的相对持续时间占周期持续时间的百分比。使用重复测量方差分析来验证周期之间的差异,并使用ICC来调查它们之间的关系。显著性水平设为5%。图1显示了前爬升上肢阶段的相对持续时间(进入、下掠、内掠、上掠和恢复分别= 18%、12%、20%、23%和26%),可以观察到下掠是最短的,尽管与推进阶段相比,非推进阶段占主导地位。表1给出了连续7个上肢周期相对持续时间的平均值±SD。虽然游泳者表现出不同的前爬泳上肢阶段的相对持续时间,但不同周期之间没有差异。此外,ICC在个人表现(入步、下步、内步、上步和回弹)上表现出高度一致性= 0.97、0.90、0.97、0.93。分别为0.90)。尽管众所周知,由于最快的手速度/加速度,冲刺速度下的非推进阶段减少(McCabe et al., 2011),但仍然观察到优势。这些结果是意料之中的,因为推进阶段的相对持续时间的增加可能会降低效率,因此,如果游泳运动员的高速度不是强制性的,那么这可能是一个技术错误。在变得熟练的过程中,神经肌肉系统确保运动持续良好地进行,同时发展适应不断变化的约束条件的能力。在目前的研究中,我们强调了这一说法,因为在周期之间观察到轻微的变化。然而,方差分析和ICC在游泳过程中显示出很大的一致性,支持上肢阶段的相对持续时间保持不变,这可能是由于游泳者对游泳约束的反应水平较高。
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来源期刊
Motricidade
Motricidade Health Professions-Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
CiteScore
0.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
24 weeks
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