Microglia and its role in neurodegenerative diseases

Q4 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress Pub Date : 2019-06-23 DOI:10.37212/jcnos.683407

Kenan Yıldızhan, M. Nazıroğlu

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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Microglia are immune cells colonized in the central nervous system (CNS) during the development of the embryo. They make up about 12% of the glial cell population in the brain. These cells play an important role in eliminating the damage that may occur in the CNS or in carrying out normal functions. Microglia cells, which are in morphologically inactive form, are characterized by small cell body, small amounts of cytoplasm and cellular extensions that are released towards the environment. They undergo a significant morphological change and switch to the active form in a pathophysiological condition in the CNS, and they have the ability to migrate to the damaged area by ameboid movement. In today's studies, microglial cells in the active form has been stated to show neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects in neuronal structures in addition to carrying out phagocytosis of metabolic residues in the medium. It has also been mentioned in recent studies that microglial cells located in the CNS have a highly sensitive activation mechanism against inflammation and pathological conditions. Understanding the microglial activation mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases is thought to may contribute to the diagnosis / treatment of neurological diseases as well as being a diagnostic marker for the etiology of the diseases. In this review, the general characteristics and activation mechanism of microglial cells and their functional roles in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis diseases were discussed in the current review.

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小胶质细胞及其在神经退行性疾病中的作用

小胶质细胞是胚胎发育过程中定植在中枢神经系统(CNS)中的免疫细胞。它们约占大脑神经胶质细胞总数的12%。这些细胞在消除中枢神经系统可能发生的损伤或执行正常功能方面发挥重要作用。小胶质细胞具有胞体小、胞质少、向环境释放的细胞延伸等特点，处于形态失活状态。它们在中枢神经系统的病理生理状态下发生显著的形态变化并转换为活性形态，并具有通过变形虫运动向受损区域迁移的能力。在今天的研究中，活性形式的小胶质细胞除了对培养基中的代谢残留物进行吞噬外，还显示出对神经元结构的神经保护和神经毒性作用。最近的研究也提到，位于中枢神经系统的小胶质细胞对炎症和病理条件具有高度敏感的激活机制。了解神经退行性疾病中的小胶质细胞激活机制被认为可能有助于神经系统疾病的诊断/治疗，以及作为疾病病因的诊断标志。本文就小胶质细胞的一般特征、激活机制及其在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、癫痫和多发性硬化症等疾病中的功能作用作一综述。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biophysics

CiteScore

1.10

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress isan online journal that publishes original research articles, reviews and short reviews on themolecular basisofbiophysical,physiological and pharmacological processes thatregulate cellular function, and the control or alteration of these processesby theaction of receptors, neurotransmitters, second messengers, cation, anions,drugsor disease. Areas of particular interest are four topics. They are; 1. Ion Channels (Na+-K+Channels, Cl– channels, Ca2+channels, ADP-Ribose and metabolism of NAD+,Patch-Clamp applications) 2. Oxidative Stress (Antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant enzymes, metabolism of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, biophysics, biochemistry and physiology of free oxygen radicals) 3. Interaction Between Oxidative Stress and Ion Channels in Neuroscience (Effects of the oxidative stress on the activation of the voltage sensitive cation channels, effect of ADP-Ribose and NAD+ on activation of the cation channels which are sensitive to voltage, effect of the oxidative stress on activation of the TRP channels in neurodegenerative diseases such Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases) 4. Gene and Oxidative Stress (Gene abnormalities. Interaction between gene and free radicals. Gene anomalies and iron. Role of radiation and cancer on gene polymorphism)