COVID’s future: Viral multi-lineage evolution and the dynamics of small epidemic waves without seasonality in COVID-19

Abstract

Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19, has undergone over three years of evolutionary changes. Throughout this evolutionary process, multiple variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, have emerged, leading to widespread outbreaks and pandemics. A comprehensive analysis of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over the past three years reveals its progression through three distinct stages.