Head injuries in athletics.

Abstract

Head injuries in sports can occur in many ways: by direct body contact, such as in football and boxing; by shoe or foot direct contact to the head, or head to head contact sometimes even between team mates; from a fall, such as in football, on the trampoline, or in ice skating; when the player is struck by a moving object other than the opponent’s body, e.g., in baseball or golf when one of the participants is struck by a ball or by a bat, and occasionally in the field events in track, even in the hammer throw; in a collision, e.g., with a goal post or retaining wall, as in football, rugby, tennis, and indoor sports such as basketball when the sidelines are too close to the wall or to the bleachers. For basic assessment of head injuries as